Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: ксенофобия
- CZ: xenofobie
- DE: Ausländerfeindlichkeit / Fremdenfeindlichkeit / Xenophobie
- EE: ksenofoobia / võõraviha
- EN: xenophobia
- ES: xenofobia
- FI: muukalaispelko, muukalaisviha; vieraanpelko, vierasviha
- FR: xénophobie
- GA: seineafóibe
- GR: ξενοφοβία
- HU: xenofóbia/ idegengyűlölet
- IT: xenofobia
- LT: ksenofobija
- LV: ksenofobija
- MT: Ksenofobija
- NL: xenofobie
- NO: fremmedfrykt (b); framandfrykt (n)
- PL: ksenofobia
- PT: xenofobia
- RO: xenofobie
- SE: främlingsfientlighet
- SK: xenofóbia
- SL: ksenofobija
Attitudes, prejudices and behaviour that reject, exclude and often vilify persons, based on the perception that they are outsiders or foreigners to the community, society or national identity.
(a) publicly inciting to violence or hatred directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin;
(b) the commission of an act referred to in point (a) by public dissemination or distribution of tracts, pictures or other material;
(c) publicly condoning, denying or grossly trivialising crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes as defined in Articles 6, 7 and 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin when the conduct is carried out in a manner likely to incite violence or hatred against such a group or a member of such a group;
(d) publicly condoning, denying or grossly trivialising the crimes defined in Art. 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal appended to the London Agreement of 8 August 1945, directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin when the conduct is carried out in a manner likely to incite violence or hatred against such a group or a member of such a group.
- BG: расизъм
- CZ: rasismus
- DE: Rassismus
- EE: rassism
- EN: racism
- ES: racismo
- FI: rasismi
- FR: racisme
- GA: ciníochas
- HU: rasszizmus/ fajgyűlölet
- IT: razzismo
- LT: rasizmas
- LV: rasisms
- MT: Razziżmu
- NL: racisme
- NO: rasisme
- PL: rasizm
- PT: Racismo
- RO: rasism
- SE: rasism
- SK: rasizmus
- SL: rasizem
Ideas or theories of superiority of one race or group of persons of one colour or ethnic origin.
2. According to the EU acquis, and specifically Art. 1 of Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA, offences concerning racism and xenophobia are considered to be:
(a) publicly inciting to violence or hatred directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin;
(b) the commission of an act referred to in point (a) by public dissemination or distribution of tracts, pictures or other material;
(c) publicly condoning, denying or grossly trivialising crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes as defined in Articles 6, 7 and 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin when the conduct is carried out in a manner likely to incite violence or hatred against such a group or a member of such a group;
(d) publicly condoning, denying or grossly trivialising the crimes defined in Art. 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal appended to the London Agreement of 8 August 1945, directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin when the conduct is carried out in a manner likely to incite violence or hatred against such a group or a member of such a group.
3. The Council of Europe provides further insight into the understanding of this term.
- BG: геноцид
- CZ: genocida
- DE: Völkermord
- EE: genotsiid
- EN: genocide
- ES: genocidio
- FI: kansanmurha / joukkotuhonta
- FR: génocide
- GA: cinedhíothú
- GR: γενοκτονία
- HU: népirtás
- IT: genocidio
- LT: genocidas
- LV: genocīds
- MT: Ġenoċidju
- NL: genocide (syn. volkerenmoord)
- NO: folkemord
- PL: ludobójstwo
- PT: genocídio
- RO: genocid
- SE: folkmord
- SK: genocída
- SL: genocid
An act committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.
(a) killing members of the group;
(b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
2. The definition is also outlined in Art. 6 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
- BG: етничеко прочистване
- CZ: etnická čistka
- DE: ethnische Säuberung
- EE: etniline puhastus
- EN: ethnic cleansing
- ES: limpieza étnica
- FI: etninen puhdistus
- FR: nettoyage ethnique
- GA: glanadh eitneach
- GR: εθνική εκκαθάριση
- HU: etnikai tisztogatás
- IT: pulizia etnica
- LT: etninis valymas
- LV: etniskā tīrīšana
- MT: Tindif etniku
- NL: etnische zuivering
- NO: etnisk rensing (b) / etnisk reinsing (n)
- PL: czystki etniczne
- PT: limpeza étnica
- RO: purificare etnică
- SE: etnisk rensning
- SK: etnické čistky
- SL: etnično čiščenje
Rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force or intimidation to remove from a given area persons of another ethnic or religious group, which is contrary to international law.
2. Trial Chamber Judgment of 2 August 2001 of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has observed, while ‘there are obvious similarities between a genocidal policy and the policy commonly known as “ethnic cleansing”’, yet ‘ a clear distinction must be drawn between physical destruction and mere dissolution of a group. The expulsion of a group or part of a group does not in itself suffice for genocide’.
3. These legal documents thus state that crimes committed during an ethnic cleansing are similar to those of genocide, but while genocide includes an intent at complete or partial destruction of the target group, ethnic cleansing may involve murder only to the point of mobilising the target group out of the territory. Hence, there may be varied degrees of mass murder in an ethnic cleansing, often subsiding when the target group appears to be leaving the desired territory, while during genocide the mass murder is ubiquitous and constant throughout the process, continuing even while the target group tries to flee.