Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: трансграничен работник
- CZ: přeshraniční pracovník; příhraniční pracovník
- DE: Grenzgänger
- EE: piiriülene töötaja
- EN: cross-border worker
- ES: trabajador transfronterizo
- FI: rajatyöntekijä
- FR: travailleur transfrontalier
- GA: oibrí trasteorann
- GR: διασυνοριακής εργαζομένων
- HU: határ menti ingázó munkavállaló
- IT: lavoratore frontaliero
- LT: tarpvalstybinis darbuotojas
- LV: pārrobežu darba ņēmējs
- MT: Ħaddiem transkonfinali / jaqsam fruntiera
- NL: grensarbeider
- NO: grensependler (b) / grensependlar (n)
- PL: pracownik transgraniczny
- RO: lucrator transfrontalier
- SE: gränsarbetare
- SK: cezhraničný pracovník
- SL: čezmejni delavec
A person who works as an employee or self-employed person in one EU Member State but is recognised as residing in another (neighbouring) EU Member State.
2. The concept of cross-border workers covers different circumstances, depending on whether one takes the Community meaning (set out, in particular, in connection with social security) or the various definitions included in bilateral double-taxation agreements.
3. Where tax is concerned, bilateral double-taxation agreements determining the tax arrangements applicable to frontier workers use more restrictive definitions which additionally impose a spatial criterion: the fact of living and working in a frontier zone.
4. Often 'cross-border workers' and 'frontier workers' are considered as synonyms. However, cross-border workers are distinct from frontier workers to the extent that they do not necessarily work in the frontier zone of the host country.
- BG: работник
- CZ: zaměstnanec
- DE: Arbeitnehmer
- EE: töötaja
- EN: employee
- ES: empleado
- FI: työntekijä
- FR: salarié
- GA: fostaí
- GR: εργαζόμενος; υπάλληλος
- HU: alkalmazott / munkavállaló
- IT: occupato
- LT: darbuotojas
- LV: darba ņēmējs / darbinieks
- MT: Impjegat(a)
- NL: werknemer
- NO: ansatt (b) / tilsett (n)
- PL: pracownik
- PT: empregado
- RO: angajat
- SE: anställd
- SK: zamestnanec
- SL: zaposleni / delavec
Worker holding an explicit or implicit employment contract, which gives them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.
- BG: висококвалифицирана заетост
- CZ: zaměstnání vyžadující vysokou kvalifikaci
- DE: hochqualifizierte Beschäftigung
- EE: kõrgelt kvalifitseeritud töö
- EN: highly qualified employment
- ES: empleo altamente cualificado
- FI: korkeaa pätevyyttä vaativa työ
- FR: emploi hautement qualifié
- GA: fostaíocht ardcháilíochta
- HU: Magasan képzett személy / Munkavállaló foglalkoztatása
- IT: lavoro altamente qualificato
- LT: aukštos kvalifikacijos darbas
- LV: augsti kvalificēta nodarbinātība
- MT: Impjieg bi kwalifiki għoljin
- NL: hooggekwalificeerde baan
- NO: sysselsetting av høyt kvalifisert arbeidskraft (b) / sysselsetjing av høgt kvalifisert arbeidskraft (n)
- PL: zatrudnienie pracowników wysoko wykwalifikowanych
- PT: emprego altamente qualificado
- RO: loc de muncă înalt calificat
- SE: högkvalificerad anställning
- SK: vysokokvalifikované zamestnanie
- SL: visoko kvalificirana zaposlitev
(a) in the EU Member State concerned, is protected as an employee under national employment law and / or in accordance with national practice, irrespective of the legal relationship, for the purpose of exercising genuine and effective work for, or under the direction of, someone else;
(b) is paid; and,
(c) has the required adequate and specific competence, as proven by higher professional qualifications.
In some EU Member States, there is a distinction between ‘highly skilled’, referring to someone who has the required adequate and specific competence as proven by higher educational qualifications and / or extensive (vocational) experience; and ‘highly qualified’, referring to someone who has required adequate and specific competence as proven by higher educational qualifications only. In the EU context, however, these terms are considered to be interchangeable.