Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: детски труд
- CZ: dětská práce
- DE: Kinderarbeit
- EE: lapstööjõu kasutamine
- EN: child labour
- ES: trabajo infantil
- FI: lapsityö
- FR: travail des enfants
- GA: fostú leanaí
- GR: παιδική εργασία
- HU: gyerekmunka
- IT: lavoro infantile
- LT: vaikų darbas
- LV: bērnu darbs
- MT: Tħaddim ta’ tfal / ta’ minorenni // Sfruttament ta’ xogħol it-tfal
- NL: kinderarbeid
- NO: barnearbeid
- PL: praca dzieci
- PT: trabalho infantil
- RO: munca pentru copii
- SE: barnarbete
- SK: detská práca
- SL: delo otrok
Any work performed by a child which deprives them of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to their physical and mental development.
- depriving them of the opportunity to attend school;
- obliging them to leave school prematurely; or
requiring them to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.
2. The ILO Convention No 138 specifies 15 years as the age above which, in normal circumstances, a person may participate in economic activity. According to Art. 32 of the Charter of Fundamentals Rights of the European Union, the employment of children is prohibited. The minimum age of admission to employment may not be lower than the minimum school-leaving age, without prejudice to such rules as may be more favourable to young people and except for limited derogations.
3. Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour that is to be targeted for elimination. The ILO distinguishes between ‘child work’ and ‘child labour’, the latter being used to describe the more pejorative part of ‘child work’, whereas ‘child work’ in itself could include doing light household chores and, as long as it does not affect their health and personal development or interfere with their schooling, can actually have some learning value.
- BG: незаконно наемане на законно пребиваващ гражданин на трета страна
- CZ: neoprávněné zaměstnávání oprávněně pobývajícího státního příslušníka třetí země
- DE: illegale Beschäftigung eines Drittstaatsangehörigen mit rechtmäßigem Aufenthalt
- EE: seaduslikult riigis viibiva kolmanda riigi kodaniku ebaseadusliku töötamise võimaldamine
- EN: illegal employment of a legally staying third-country national
- ES: empleo ilegal de nacional de tercer país en situación de residencia legal
- FI: laillisesti oleskelevan kolmannen maan kansalaisen laiton työnteko
- FR: emploi illégal d’un ressortissant de pays tiers en séjour régulier
- GA: fostaíocht neamhdhleathach náisiúnaigh tríú tír atá i láthair go neamhdhleathach
- GR: παράνομη απασχόληση νομίμως διαμένοντος υπηκόου τρίτης χώρας
- HU: jogszerűen / legálisan tartózkodó harmadik országbeli állampolgárok illegális foglalkoztatása
- IT: lavoro illegale di un cittadino di un paese terzo regolarmente soggiornante
- LT: teisėtai šalyje esančio trečiosios šalies piliečio neteisėtas darbas
- LV: trešās valsts pilsoņa, kas likumīgi uzturas valstī, nelikumīga nodarbinātība
- MT: Impieg illegali ta’ ċittadin(a) minn pajjiż terz residenti b’mod irregolari
- NL: illegale tewerkstelling van legaal verblijvende derdelanders
- NO: ulovlig sysselsetting av tredjestatsborgere med lovlig opphold (b) / ulovleg sysselsetjing av tredjestatsborgarar med lovleg opphald (n)
- PL: nielegalne zatrudnienie obywatela państwa trzeciego przebywającego legalnie
- PT: emprego ilegal
- RO: angajarea ilegală a străinilor cu şedere legală
- SE: olaglig anställning av tredjelandsmedborgare som vistas lagligt
- SK: nelegálne zamestnávanie oprávnene sa zdržiavajúcich štátnych príslušníkov tretích krajín
- SL: nezakonita zaposlitev državljana tretje države, ki prebiva zakonito
Employment of a legally staying third-country national working outside the conditions of their residence permit and / or without a work permit. which is is subject to each EU Member State’s national law.
- BG: достъп до здравни гриижи
- CZ: přístup ke zdravotní péči
- DE: Zugang zu medizinischer Versorgung
- EE: ligipääs tervishoiule
- EN: access to healthcare
- ES: acceso a la asistencia sanitaria
- FI: oikeus terveydenhuoltoon
- FR: accès aux soins de santé
- GA: Rochtain ar Chúram Sláinte
- GR: πρόσβαση στην υγειονομική περίθαλψη
- HU: a migránsok társadalombiztosítási és egészségügyi ellátásokhoz való hozzáférése
- IT: accesso all’assistenza sanitaria
- LT: sveikatos priežiūros prieinamumas
- LV: piekļuve veselības aprūpei
- MT: Aċċess għas-servizzi tas-saħħa/ għall-kura sanitarja
- NL: toegang tot gezondheidszorg
- NO: tilgang til helsetjenester (b) / tilgang til helsetenester (n)
- PL: dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej
- RO: acces la ingrijirea sanatatii / acces la sistemul medical
- SE: tillgång till hälso- och sjukvård
- SK: prístup k zdravotnej starostlivosti
- SL: dostop do zdravstvenega varstva
Healthcare entitlements enjoyed by third-country nationals (migrants, applicants for international protection and refugees) in EU Member States and in their countries of origin.
2. According to Council Directive 2003/109/EC (Long Term Residents Directive), long-term residents enjoy the same access to healthcare as nationals as defined by national law.
3. Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) grants access to adequate healthcare, including treatment of mental disorders when needed, to beneficiaries of international protection under the same eligibility conditions as nationals of the EU Member State that has granted such protection.
4.Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Reception Conditions Directive) establishes minimum standards for access to healthcare for applicants of international protection during the asylum procedure. It requires EU Member States to ensure that asylum seekers at least receive emergency care and essential treatment for illnesses and serious mental disorders. However, the entitlement of asylum seekers to healthcare services depends on national legislation and varies among Member States. See for example, the EMN: Ad-Hoc Query on System of medical treatment of asylum seekers in Member States.
5. Access to healthcare can be a key factor in the process of decision-making on applications for international protection. Subsidiary protection may apply if the asylum-seeker contends that a return to the country of origin is impossible for health reasons, as the return of a sick person which is often connected with the medical standards in the country of return could constitute a breach of Art. 3 ECHR. Thus case workers have to take into account whether medical treatment is available in the country of origin and whether the available medical treatment would also be (e.g. financially) accessible to the concerned person upon return. For further information see the description of the MedCOI project in the List of projects funded by the European Refugee Fund in 2011.
- BG: професия/ занятие
- CZ: povolání
- DE: Beschäftigung
- EE: amet
- EN: occupation
- ES: actividad profesional
- FI: ammatti
- FR: profession
- GA: gairm bheatha
- HU: foglalkozás
- IT: impiego
- LT: profesija / užsiėmimas
- LV: profesija
- MT: Impieg / Xogħol / Okkupazzjoni
- NL: beroep
- NO: yrke
- PL: zawód
- RO: ocupaţie
- SE: sysselsättning; yrke
- SK: povolanie
- SL: poklic
A set of jobs whose main tasks and duties are characterised by a high degree of similarity.
2. The ISCO definition is also the one used by employment services (placement agencies).
- BG: позитивна дискриминация
- CZ: pozitivní diskriminace
- DE: positive Diskriminierung
- EE: eeliskohtlemine
- EN: positive discrimination
- ES: discriminación positiva
- FI: positiivinen syrjintä
- FR: discrimination positive
- GA: idirdhealú dearfach
- GR: θετική διάκριση
- HU: pozitív diszkrimináció
- IT: discriminazione positiva
- LT: pozityvioji diskriminacija
- LV: pozitīva diskriminācija
- MT: Diskriminazzjoni pożittiva
- NL: positieve discriminatie
- NO: positiv diskriminering
- PL: dyskryminacja pozytywna
- PT: discriminação positiva
- RO: discriminare pozitivă
- SE: positiv särbehandling
- SK: pozitívna diskriminácia
- SL: pozitivna diskriminacija
A policy or a programme providing advantages for certain groups of people who are seen to have traditionally been discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian society.
This consists of preferential access to education, employment, healthcare or social welfare.
Derived by EMN from the FRA (EUMC) Open Glossary (no longer available online)
- BG: незаконен мигрант
- CZ: nelegální migrant
- DE: irregulärer Migrant
- EE: ebaseaduslik sisserändaja
- EN: irregular migrant
- ES: inmigrante en situación irregular
- FI: laittomasti maassa oleskeleva henkilö
- FR: migrant en séjour irrégulier
- GA: imirceach neamhrialta
- GR: παράνομος μετανάστης
- HU: irreguláris migráns
- IT: migrante irregolare
- LT: neteisėtas migrantas
- LV: nelikumīgs migrants
- MT: Migrant(a) irregolari
- NL: illegaal verblijvende migrant
- NO: irregulær migrant
- PL: migrant nieregularny
- PT: imigrante irregular
- RO: migrant ilegal
- SE: irreguljär migrant
- SK: nelegálny migrant / migrant bez platného povolenia na pobyt
- SL: ilegaln migrant / nezakonit priseljenec
In the EU context, a third-country national present on the territory of a Schengen State who does not fulfil, or no longer fulfils, the conditions of entry as set out in the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code) or other conditions for entry, stay or residence in that EU Member State.
2. The term 'irregular' is preferable to 'illegal' migrant because the latter carries a criminal connotation, entering a country in an irregular manner, or staying with an irregular status, is not a criminal offence but an infraction of administrative regulations. Apart from this, juridically and ethically, an act can be legal or illegal but a person cannot. Thus more and more the term 'migrant in an irregular situation' or 'migrant with irregular status' is preferred.
3. The European Commission has used the term 'third-country national found to be illegally present' or 'illegally resident/staying third-country national' in legislation.
4. The Council of Europe differentiates between illegal migration and irregular migrant. Referring to Resolution 1509 (2006) of the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, ‘illegal’ is preferred when referring to a status or process, whereas 'irregular' is preferred.
- BG: незаконна заетост
- CZ: neoprávněné zaměstnávání
- DE: illegale Beschäftigung
- EE: ebaseaduslik töötamine
- EN: illegal employment
- ES: empleo ilegal
- FI: laiton työnteko
- FR: emploi illégal
- GA: fostaíocht neamhdhleathach
- GR: παράνομη απασχόληση
- HU: illegális foglalkoztatás
- IT: lavoro illegale
- EN: neteisėtas darbas
- LV: nelikumīga nodarbinātība
- MT: Impjieg illegali
- NL: illegale tewerkstelling (syn.: illegale arbeid, zwart werken)
- NO: illegalt arbeid
- PL: nielegalne zatrudnienie
- PT: emprego ilegal
- RO: angajare ilegală, muncă la negru
- SE: olaglig anställning / sysselsättning
- SK: nelegálne zamestnávanie
- SL: ilegalna zaposlitev / nezakonita zaposlitev
Economic activity carried out in violation of provisions set by legislation.
2. In the context of Directive 2009/52/EC (Employer Sanctions Directive) this means the employment of an illegally staying third-country national (see Art. 2(d)).
- BG: незаконно наемане на незаконно пребиваващ гражданин на трета страна
- CZ: neoprávněné zaměstnávání neoprávněně pobývajícího státního příslušníka třetí země
- DE: illegale Beschäftigung eines Drittstaatsangehörigen ohne rechtmäßigen Aufenthalt
- EE: ebaseaduslikult riigis viibiva kolmanda riigi kodaniku ebaseadusliku töötamise võimaldamine
- EN: illegal employment of an illegally staying third-country national
- ES: empleo ilegal de nacional de tercer país en situación irregular
- FI: laittomasti oleskelevan kolmannen maan kansalaisen laiton työnteko
- FR: emploi illegal d’un ressortissant de pays tiers en séjour irrégulier
- GA: fostú neamhdhleathach náisiúnaigh tríú tír atá i láthair go neamhdhleathach
- GR: παράνομη απασχόληση παράνομα διαμένοντος υπηκόου τρίτης χώρας
- HU: illegálisan tartózkodó harmadik országbeli állampolgárok illegális foglalkoztatása
- IT: lavoro illegale di un cittadino di un paese terzo irregolarmente soggiornante
- LT: neteisėtai šalyje esančio trečiosios šalies piliečio neteisėtas darbas
- LV: trešās valsts pilsoņa, kas nelikumīgi uzturas valstī, nelikumīga nodarbinātība
- MT: Impjieg illegali ta’ ċittadin(a) minn pajjiż terz residenti b’mod regolari
- NL: illegale tewerkstelling van illegaal verblijvende derdelanders
- NO: ulovlig sysselsetting av tredjestatsborgere uten lovlig opphold (b) / ulovleg sysselsetjing av tredjestatsborgarar utan lovleg opphald (n)
- PL: nielegalne zatrudnienie obywatela państwa trzeciego przebywającego nielegalnie
- PT: emprego de imigrantes ilegais
- RO: angajarea ilegală a străinilor cu şedere ilegală
- SE: olaglig anställning av tredjelandsmedborgare som vistas olagligt
- SK: nelegálne zamestnávanie neoprávnene sa zdržiavajúcich štátnych príslušníkov tretích krajín
- SL: nezakonita zaposlitev državljana tretje države, ki nezakonito prebiva
Employment of an illegally staying third-country national.
The term itself has been slightly modified from the Directive 2009/52/EC (Employer Sanctions Directive) definition in order to be more explicit.
- BG: работник мигрант на трудов договор
- CZ: smluvní pracovní pohyb
- DE: Vertragsarbeitnehmer
- EE: lepinguline võõrtöötaja
- EN: contract migrant worker
- ES: vertimo nėra
- FI: maahanmuuttaja, jolla on rajoitettu työnteko-oikeus
- FR: travailleur migrant sous contrat
- GA: oibrí imirceach ar conradh
- GR: μισθωτός μετανάστης εργαζόμενος / Εργατικός Μετανάστης
- HU: szerződéssel rendelkező / szerződéses migráns munkavállaló
- IT: lavoratore migrante a contratto
- LT: migrantas, dirbantis pagal sutartį
- LV: līgumdarbinieks migrants
- MT: Migrant ħaddiem b’kuntratt tax-xogħol
- NL: buitenlandse contractarbeider
- NO: migrant med begrenset arbeidsavtale (b) / migrant med avgrensa arbeidsavtale (n)
- PL: migrant / pracownik kontraktowy
- PT: trabalhador migrante por conta de outrem
- RO: lucrator migrant cu contract
- SE: vertimo nėra
- SK: pracujúci migrant so zmluvou na dobu určitú
- SL: pogodbeni delavec migrant
Person working in a country other than their own under contractual arrangements that set limits on the period of employment and on the specific job held by the migrant.
2. This full term is not commonly used; ‘contract worker’, which does not necessarily apply to migrants only, is more common.
- BG: спонсор
- CZ: osoba usilující o sloučení rodiny / nositel právna na sloučení rodiny
- DE: Zusammenführender / Sponsor
- EE: sponsor
- EN: sponsor
- ES: reagrupante
- FI: perheenkokoaja
- FR: regroupant
- GA: urraitheoir
- GR: συντηρών
- HU: családegyesítő (note: a sponsor only in context of family reunification)
- IT: sponsor
- LT: globėjas
- LV: galvotājs / garantētājs
- MT: Garanti / Sponsor
- NL: gezinshereniger (NL syn.: referent, hoofdpersoon)
- NO: referanseperson / sponsor
- PL: sponsor
- PT: requerente do reagrupamento familiar
- RO: sponsor
- SE: referensperson
- SK: garant
- SL: sponzor / pokrovitelj
In the EU context of family reunification, a third-country national residing lawfully in a Member State and applying, or whose family members apply, for family reunification to be joined with them.
According to this concept, everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of themselves and of their families, including food, clothing, housing and medical care, and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond their control (Art. 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights).
- BG: работник
- CZ: zaměstnanec
- DE: Arbeitnehmer
- EE: töötaja
- EN: employee
- ES: empleado
- FI: työntekijä
- FR: salarié
- GA: fostaí
- GR: εργαζόμενος; υπάλληλος
- HU: alkalmazott / munkavállaló
- IT: occupato
- LT: darbuotojas
- LV: darba ņēmējs / darbinieks
- MT: Impjegat(a)
- NL: werknemer
- NO: ansatt (b) / tilsett (n)
- PL: pracownik
- PT: empregado
- RO: angajat
- SE: anställd
- SK: zamestnanec
- SL: zaposleni / delavec
Worker holding an explicit or implicit employment contract, which gives them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.
- BG: тест на пазара на труда
- CZ: test trhu práce
- DE: Arbeitsmarkttest
- EE: tööturu test
- EN: labour market test
- ES: Catálogo de ocupaciones de difícil cobertura
- FI: työvoiman saatavuusharkinta
- FR: examen du marché de l’emploi / du travail
- GA: tástáil sa mhargadh fostaíochta
- HU: munkaerőpiaci felmérés
- IT: analisi del mercato del lavoro
- LT: darbo rinkos testas
- LV: darba tirgus tests
- MT: Test dwar is-suq tax-xogħol
- NL: arbeidsmarkttoets
- NO: arbeidsmarkedsvurdering (b) / arbeidsmarknadsvurdering (n)
- PL: test rynku pracy
- RO: testarea pieţei forţei de muncă
- SE: arbetsmarknadsprövning
- SK: skúmanie situácie na trhu práce
- SL: pregled trga dela
Mechanism that aims to ensure that migrant workers are only admitted after employers have unsuccessfully searched for national workers, EU citizens (in EU Member States this also means EEA workers) or legally residing third-country nationals with access to the labour market according to national legislation.
2. EU Member States apply different methodologies in undertaking LMTs. In general, a considerable role is left to employers and public employment services. Duration of the verification process varies among EU Member States.
3. For further information, see EMN: Satisfying labour demand through migration, June 2011.
- BG: трудова миграция
- CZ: pracovní migrace
- DE: Arbeitsmigration
- EE: tööränne
- EN: labour migration
- ES: migración laboral
- FI: työvoiman muuttoliike, työperusteinen maahanmuutto
- FR: migration de travail / migration de main-d’oeuvre
- GA: imirce lucht oibre
- GR: οικονομική μετανάστευση; μετανάστευση για εργασία
- HU: munkavállalási célú migráció
- IT: migrazione per motivi di lavoro
- LT: darbo jėgos migracija
- LV: darbaspēka migrācija
- MT: Migrazzjoni għal raġunijiet ta’ xogħol
- NL: arbeidsmigratie
- NO: arbeidsmigrasjon
- PL: migracja pracownicza
- PT: migração laboral
- RO: migraţie în scop de muncă
- SE: arbetskraftsmigration
- SK: pracovná migrácia
- SL: delovna migracija
Movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment.
Labour migration is addressed by most States in their migration laws. In addition, some States take an active role in regulating outward labour migration and seeking opportunities for their nationals abroad.
- BG: работодател
- CZ: zaměstnavatel
- DE: Arbeitgeber
- EE: tööandja
- EN: employer
- ES: empleador
- FI: työnantaja
- FR: employeur
- GA: fostóir
- GR: εργοδότης
- HU: munkáltató
- IT: datore di lavoro
- LT: darbdavys
- LV: darba devējs
- MT: Min iħaddem // Min jimpjega
- NL: werkgever
- NO: arbeidsgiver (b) / arbeidsgjevar (n)
- PL: pracodawca
- PT: empregador
- RO: angajator
- SE: arbetsgivare
- SK: zamestnávateľ
- SL: delodajalec
Any natural person or any legal entity, including temporary work agencies, for or under the direction and / or supervision of whom the employment is undertaken.
- BG: заетост
- CZ: zaměstnání
- DE: Beschäftigung
- EE: töötamine
- EN: employment
- ES: empleo
- FI: työnteko
- FR: emploi
- GA: fostaíocht
- GR: πρόσληψη/ εργασία
- HU: foglalkoztatás
- IT: lavoro
- LT: darbas / užimtumas
- LV: nodarbinātība
- MT: Impjieg
- NL: tewerkstelling
- NO: sysselsetting (b) / sysselsetjing (n)
- PL: zatrudnienie
- PT: emprego
- RO: angajare
- SE: anställning
- SK: zamestnanie
- SL: zaposlitev
The exercise of activities covering whatever form of labour or work regulated under national law or in accordance with established practice for or under the direction and / or supervision of an employer.
- BG: гост работник
- CZ: vertimo nėra
- DE: Gastarbeiter
- EE: võõrtöötaja
- EN: guest worker
- ES: trabajador invitado
- FI: vierastyöläinen
- FR: travailleur étranger
- GA: aoi-oibrí
- GR: μετακαλούμενος εργαζόμενος
- HU: vendégmunkás
- IT: lavoratore ospite
- LT: besisvečiuojantis darbuotojas
- LV: viesstrādnieks
- MT: Ħaddiem mistieden
- NL: gastarbeider
- NO: gjestearbeider (b) / gjestearbeidar (n)
- PL: gastarbaiter
- PT: trabalhador convidado
- RO: lucrător vizitator
- SE: gästarbetare
- SK: zahraničný hosťujúci pracovník
- SL: gostujoči delavec
An economic migrant recruited for a restricted time of settlement and employment.
This term is no longer used in the EU context . It was more or less restricted to migration flows in the 1950s and 1960s.
- BG: вътрешно-корпоративен трансфер
- CZ: vnitropodnikově převáděný pracovník
- DE: innerbetrieblich versetzte Person
- EE: ettevõttesisene üleviimine
- EN: intra-corporate transferee
- ES: trabajador transnacional
- FI: sisäisen siirron saanut työntekijä / yrityksen tilapäisesti toiseen maahan lähettämä työntekijä
- FR: personne faisant l’objet d’un transfert temporaire intragroupe
- GA: aistrí ionchorparáideach
- GR: ενδο-επιχειρησιακή
- HU: vállalaton belül áthelyezett személy
- IT: lavoratore straniero distaccato (persona trasferita all’interno della stessa società in un altro paese)
- LT: bendrovės viduje perkeliamas asmuo
- LV: uzņēmuma ietvaros pārcelts darbinieks
- MT: Ħaddiem trasferit minn post għal ieħor tal‑istess kumpanija // Trasferiment intra-korporattiv ta’ ħaddiem
- NL: binnen een onderneming overgeplaatste persoon
- NO: utstasjonert arbeidstaker (b) / utstasjonert arbeidstakar (n)
- PL: pracownik przenoszony wewnątrz przedsiębiorstwa
- PT: pessoas transferidas temporariamente pela empresa
- RO: transferat intra-corporaţie
- SE: företagsinternt förflyttad person
- SK: pracovník presunutý v rámci spoločnosti
- SL: oseba premeščena znotraj podjetja
A third-country national subject to a temporary secondment from an undertaking established outside the territory of a EU Member State and to which the third-country national is bound by a work contract to an entity belonging to the undertaking or to the same group of undertakings which is established inside this territory.
The World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), liberalises trade in services, including the temporary movement of natural persons as service suppliers. Mode 4 refers to the presence of persons of one WTO member in the territory of another for the purpose of providing a service. It does not concern persons seeking access to the employment market in the host member, nor does it affect measures regarding citizenship, residence or employment on a permanent basis. For more information, see the website of the World Trade Organization.
- BG: висококвалифициран миграант
- CZ: vysoce kvalifikovaný zaměstnanec; vysoce kvalifikovaný pracovník
- DE: hochqualifizierter Migrant
- EE: kõrgelt kvalifitseeritud sisserändaja
- EN: highly qualified migrant
- ES: persona migrante altamente cualificada
- FI: korkeasti koulutettu maahanmuuttaja
- FR: migrant hautement qualifié
- GA: imirceach ardcháilithe
- GR: μετανάστης υψηλης εξειδίκευσης
- HU: magasan képzett migráns
- IT: migrante altamente qualificato
- LT: aukštos kvalifikacijos migrantas
- LV: augsti kvalificēts migrants
- MT: Migrant(a) bi kwalifiki għoljin
- NL: hooggekwalificeerde migrant
- NO: høyt kvalifisert migrant (b) / høgt kvalifisert migrant (n)
- PL: migrant wysoko wykwalifikowany
- PT: Migrante altamente qualificado
- RO: migrant înalt calificat
- SE: högkvalificerad migrant
- SK: vysokokvalifikovaný migrant
- SL: visoko kvalificiran migrant
In the EU context, a third-country national who seeks employment in an EU Member State and has the required adequate and specific competence, as proven by higher professional qualifications.
2. The understanding of who is a ‘highly qualified’ and a ‘qualified third-country national’ varies in the EU Member States, with different definitions and concepts existing. Often these depend on national labour market demands and other national criteria. For more information, see EMN: Attracting highly qualified and qualified third-country nationals, 2013.
- BG: висококвалифицирана заетост
- CZ: zaměstnání vyžadující vysokou kvalifikaci
- DE: hochqualifizierte Beschäftigung
- EE: kõrgelt kvalifitseeritud töö
- EN: highly qualified employment
- ES: empleo altamente cualificado
- FI: korkeaa pätevyyttä vaativa työ
- FR: emploi hautement qualifié
- GA: fostaíocht ardcháilíochta
- HU: Magasan képzett személy / Munkavállaló foglalkoztatása
- IT: lavoro altamente qualificato
- LT: aukštos kvalifikacijos darbas
- LV: augsti kvalificēta nodarbinātība
- MT: Impjieg bi kwalifiki għoljin
- NL: hooggekwalificeerde baan
- NO: sysselsetting av høyt kvalifisert arbeidskraft (b) / sysselsetjing av høgt kvalifisert arbeidskraft (n)
- PL: zatrudnienie pracowników wysoko wykwalifikowanych
- PT: emprego altamente qualificado
- RO: loc de muncă înalt calificat
- SE: högkvalificerad anställning
- SK: vysokokvalifikované zamestnanie
- SL: visoko kvalificirana zaposlitev
(a) in the EU Member State concerned, is protected as an employee under national employment law and / or in accordance with national practice, irrespective of the legal relationship, for the purpose of exercising genuine and effective work for, or under the direction of, someone else;
(b) is paid; and,
(c) has the required adequate and specific competence, as proven by higher professional qualifications.
In some EU Member States, there is a distinction between ‘highly skilled’, referring to someone who has the required adequate and specific competence as proven by higher educational qualifications and / or extensive (vocational) experience; and ‘highly qualified’, referring to someone who has required adequate and specific competence as proven by higher educational qualifications only. In the EU context, however, these terms are considered to be interchangeable.
- BG: циркулярна миграция
- CZ: cirkulační / cirkulární migrace
- DE: zirkuläre Migration
- EE: korduvränne
- EN: circular migration
- ES: migración circular
- FI: kiertomuutto
- FR: migration circulaire
- GA: imirce chiorclach
- GR: κυκλική μετανάστευση
- HU: körkörös migráció
- IT: migrazione circolare
- LT: apykaitinė migracija
- LV: cirkulārā migrācija
- MT: Migrazzjoni ċirkolari
- NL: circulaire migratie
- NO: sirkulær migrasjon
- PL: migracja cyrkulacyjna
- PT: migração circular
- RO: migraţie circulară
- SE: cirkulär migration
- SK: okružná migrácia / cirkulárna migrácia
- SL: krožna migracija
A repetition of legal migration by the same person between two or more countries.
(a) Circular migration of third-country nationals settled in the EU
This category of circular migration gives people the opportunity to engage in an activity (business, professional, voluntary or other) in their country of origin while retaining their main residence in one of the EU Member States. This covers various groups, e.g.:
- business persons working in the EU and wishing to start an activity in their country of origin (or in another third country); and
- doctors, professors or other professionals willing to support their country of origin by conducting part of their professional activity there.
(b) Circular migration of persons residing in a third country
Circular migration could create an opportunity for persons residing in a third country to come to the EU temporarily for work, study, training or a combination of these, on the condition that, at the end of the period for which they were granted entry, they must re-establish their main residence and their main activity in their country of origin. Circularity can be enhanced by giving migrants the possibility, once they have returned, to retain some form of privileged mobility to and from the EU Member States where they were formerly residing, for example in the form of simplified admission / re-entry procedures. This category covers a wide array of situations, spanning the whole spectrum of migrants, including:
- third-country nationals wishing to work temporarily in the EU, e.g. in seasonal employment;
- third-country nationals wishing to study or train in Europe before returning to their country;
- third-country nationals who, after having completed their studies, wish to be employed in the EU (e.g. as trainees) to acquire professional experience which is difficult to obtain at home, before returning;
- third-country researchers wishing to carry out a research project in the EU;
- third-country nationals who wish to take part in intercultural people-to-people exchanges and other activities in the field of culture, active citizenship, education and youth (such as, for example, training courses, seminars, events, study visits);
- third-country nationals who wish to carry out an unremunerated voluntary service pursuing objectives of general interest in the EU.
- BG: обезщетения за социална закрила
- CZ: dávky sociální ochrany
- DE: Sozialschutzleistungen
- EE: sotsiaalse kaitse hüvitised
- EN: social protection benefits
- ES: prestaciones de asistencia social
- FI: sosiaalietuudet, sosiaaliturvaetuudet
- FR: prestations de protection sociale
- GA: sochair choimirce sóisialta
- HU: szociális védelmi juttatások
- IT: prestazione di protezione sociale
- LT: socialinės išmokos
- LV: sociālās drošības sistēmas pabalsti
- MT: Benefiċċji ta’ protezzjoni soċjali
- NL: sociale uitkeringen
- NO: ytelser knyttet til sosial sikkerhet (b) / ytingar knytte til sosial tryggleik (n)
- PL: zasiłki z opieki społecznej
- RO: beneficii ale protecţiei sociale
- SE: sociala förmåner
- SK: dávky sociálnej ochrany (EU acquis) / sociálna pomoc (national law)
- SL: ugodnosti socialnega varstva
Transfers, in cash or in kind, by social protection schemes to households and individuals to relieve them of the burden of one or more of the risks defined in the European Commission’s Mutual Information System on Social Protection.
1. healthcare;
2. sickness cash benefits;
3. maternity and paternity benefits;
4. invalidity benefits;
5. old-age pensions and benefits;
6. survivors’ benefits;
7. benefits in respect of accidents at work and occupational diseases;
8. family benefits;
9. unemployment benefits;
10. guaranteed minimum resources;
11. long-term care benefits.
- BG: самонаето лице
- CZ: osoba samostatně výdělečně činná (OSVČ)
- DE: Selbstständiger, selbstständig erwerbstätige Person (LU)
- EE: füüsilisest isikust ettevõtja
- EN: self-employed person
- ES: trabajador por cuanta propia
- FI: itsenäinen ammatinharjoittaja
- FR: travailleur indépendant
- GA: duine féinfhostaithe
- HU: önfoglalkoztatott személy
- IT: lavoratore autonomo
- LT: savarankiškai dirbantis asmuo
- LV: pašnodarbināta persona
- MT: Persuna taħdem għal rasha
- NL: zelfstandige
- NO: selvstendig sysselsatt (b) / sjølvstendig sysselsett (n)
- PL: osoba samozatrudniona
- RO: asociat
- SE: egenföretagare
- SK: samostatne zárobkovo činná osoba / SZČO
- SL: samozaposlena oseba
A person who is the sole or joint owner of the unincorporated enterprise (one that has not been incorporated, i.e. formed into a legal corporation) in which they work, unless they are also in paid employment which is their main activity.
- BG: Национални точки за контакт по интеграция
- CZ: národní kontaktní body na integraci
- DE: Nationale Kontaktstellen für Integration
- EE: integratsiooni riiklikud kontaktpunktid
- EN: National Contact Points on Integration
- ES: puntos de contacto nacional de integración
- FI: kotouttamisasioiden kansalliset yhteyspisteet
- FR: Points de contact nationaux en matière d’intégration
- GA: Pointí Teagmhála Náisiúnta le haghaidh Imeascadh
- GR: Εθνικά Σημεία Επαφής για την Ένταξη
- HU: nemzeti integrációs kapcsolattartó pontok
- IT: Punti di contatto nazionali sull’integrazione
- LT: nacionaliniai integracijos informacijos centrai
- LV: nacionālie integrācijas kontaktpunkti
- MT: Punti ta’ Kuntatt Nazzjonali fuq l-Integrazzjoni
- NL: nationale contactpunten voor integratie
- NO: nasjonale kontaktpunkter på integreringsfeltet (b) / nasjonale kontaktpunkt på integreringsfeltet (n)
- PL: Krajowe punkty kontaktowe ds. Integracji
- PT: Pontos de Contacto Nacionais de Integração
- RO: punctele naţionale de contact pentru integrare
- SE: nationella kontaktpunkter på integrationsområdet
- SK: národné kontaktné body pre integráciu
- SL: Nacionalne kontaktne točke za integracijo
A network of authorities responsible for integration issues which serves to facilitate exchange of information and good practice at EU level with the purpose of finding successful solutions for integration of immigrants in all EU Member States and to ensure policy coordination and coherence at national level and with EU initiatives.
2. The National Contact Points on Integration consider inter alia employment, education, language, health, housing, culture and participation. The network’s long-term objective is to develop and reinforce the European framework for integration, in order to define basic common principles and objectives, to determine assessment measures, and to reinforce the coordination of national and European integration policies.
3. One output which the National Contact Points on Integration are very much involved in are the Handbooks on Integration. For more information, see the European website on Integration.
- BG: работник мигрант
- CZ: migrant - zaměstnanec
- DE: Arbeitsmigrant / Wanderarbeiter / Wanderarbeitnehmer
- EE: võõrtöötaja
- EN: migrant worker
- ES: trabajador migrante
- FI: siirtotyöläinen / vierastyöläinen
- FR: travailleur migrant
- GA: oibrí imirceach
- GR: εργαζόμενος μετανάστης
- HU: migráns munkavállaló
- IT: lavoratore migrante
- LT: migrantas darbuotojas
- LV: darba ņēmējs migrants
- MT: Migrant(a) ħaddiem(a)
- NL: arbeidsmigrant (syn.: buitenlandse werknemer)
- NO: arbeidsmigrant
- PL: pracownik migrujący
- PT: trabalhador migrante
- RO: lucrător / muncitor migrant
- SE: migrantarbetare
- SK: migrujúci pracovník / pracovný migrant
- SL: delavec migrant
A person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which they are not nationals.
2. For the purpose of the EMN the UN definition is prefered as it is more common in literature and more comprehensive since it specifically includes those migrant workers who may currently be out of work, but had been working earlier. The Convention also includes self-employed workers.
- BG: Партньорство за миграция, мобилност и заетост между страните на Африка и ЕС
- CZ: Partnerství EU-Afrika pro migraci, mobilitu a zaměstnanost
- DE: Afrika-EU Partnerschaft in den Bereichen Migration, Mobilität und Beschäftigung
- EE: Aafrika-EL migratsiooni, mobiilsuse ja tööhõive partnerlus
- EN: Africa-EU Migration, Mobility and Employment Partnership
- ES: Asociación África-UE sobre migración, movilidad y empleo
- FI: Afrikan ja EU:n kumppanuus muuttoliikkeen, liikkuvuuden ja työllisyyden aloilla
- FR: Partenariat Afrique-UE sur les migrations, la mobilité et l’emploi
- GA: Comhpháirtíocht an AE agus na hAfraice maidir le hImirce, Soghluaisteacht agus Fostaíocht
- GR: και της εταιρικής σχέσης Αφρικής-ΕΕ για την μετανάστευση την κινητικότητα και την απασχόληση
- HU: Afrika-EU közötti Migrációs, Mobilitási és Foglalkoztatási Partnerség
- IT: Partenariato Africa-UE in materia di Migrazione, Mobilità e Occupazione
- LT: Afrikos ir ES partnerystė migracijos, judumo ir užimtumo srityse
- LV: Āfrikas un ES Migrācijas, mobilitātes un nodarbinātības partnerība
- MT: Sħubija bejn l-Afrika u l-UE dwar Migrazzjoni, Mobilità u Impiegi
- NL: Afrika-EU-Partnerschap inzake migratie, mobiliteit en werkgelegenheid
- NO: Afrika–EU migrasjons-, mobilitets- og sysselsettingspartnerskap (b) / Afrika–EU migrasjons-, mobilitets- og sysselsetjingspartnarskap
- PL: Partnerstwo UE-Afryka na rzecz migracji, mobilności i zatrudnienia
- PT: Parceria Africa-UE para as migrações, mobilidade e emprego
- RO: Parteneriatul Africa-EU cu privire la migraţie. mobilitate şi angajare
- SE: MME-partnerskapet (migration, rörlighet och sysselsättning)
- SK: Partnesrtvo Afrika - EÚ v oblasti migrácie, mobility a zamestnanosti
- SL: Afrika - EU Partnerstvo za migracije, mobilnost in zaposlovanje
A partnership that provides comprehensive responses to the issues of migration, mobility and employment, in the interest of all partners, with the particular objectives to create more and better jobs for Africa and to better manage migration flows.
2. The partnership aims to ensure sustainable development and the implementation of relevant international agreements and declarations, relying in particular on the Tripoli Declaration on Migration and Development, the Ouagadougou Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, especially Women and Children and the Ouagadougou Declaration and Plan of Action for Promotion of Employment and Poverty Alleviation.
3. It covers one of the eight areas of cooperation of the Africa-EU (Strategic) Partnership, which is the formal channel through which the European Union and the African Union work together, and which provides the overarching long-term framework for Africa-EU relations.
4. For more information, see the webpage of the Africa-EU Partnership.