Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: принудителна мярка
- CZ: výkonné opatření
- DE: Vollstreckungsmaßnahme
- EE: sunnimeede
- EN: enforcement measure
- ES: medida de ejecución
- FI: täytäntöönpanotoimenpide
- FR: mesure d’exécution
- GA: beart forfheidhmiúcháin
- GR: μέτρο εκτέλεσης; μέτρο επιβολής
- HU: végrehajtási intézkedés
- IT: misura di esecuzione
- LT: vykdymo priemonė
- LV: izpildes pasākums
- MT: Miżura ta’ infurzar
- NL: uitvoeringsmaatregel
- NO: iverksettelsestiltak (b) / iverksetjingstiltak (n)
- PL: środek wykonawczy
- PT: medida de execução
- RO: măsură de aplicare
- SE: verkställighetsåtgärd
- SK: vykonávacie opatrenie
- SL: ukrep za uveljavitev / ukrep za izvršitev
Any measure taken by the enforcing EU Member State with a view to implementing an expulsion decision.
In IE and UK, this phrase is used in a more global sense for all forms of removal. For example, for UK, this refers to any action that is taken to enable the implementation of the immigration law.
- BG: документ за пребиваване
- CZ: povolení k pobytu
- DE: Aufenthaltstitel (EU acquis)
- EE: elamisluba (dokument)
- EN: residence document
- ES: documento de residencia
- FI: oleskeluun oikeuttava asiakirja, oleskeluasiakirja (oleskelulupa)
- FR: titre de séjour
- GA: doiciméad cónaithe
- GR: έγγραφο διαμονής
- HU: tartózkodásra jogosító okmány
- IT: titolo di soggiorno
- LT: teisę gyventi šalyje patvirtinantis dokumentas
- LV: uzturēšanās dokuments
- MT: Dokument ta’ residenza
- NL: verblijfsdocument
- NO: oppholdsdokument (b) / opphaldsdokument (n)
- PL: dokument pobytowy
- PT: título de residência
- RO: document de şedere
- SE: uppehållstillstånd
- SK: doklad o pobyte
- SL: dokument za prebivanje
A document issued by the authorities of an EU Member State authorising a third-country national to stay in its territory, including the documents substantiating the authorisation to remain in the territory under temporary protection arrangements or until the circumstances preventing a removal order from being carried out no longer apply, with the exception of visas and residence authorisations issued during the period required to determine the responsible EU Member State as established in Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 (Dublin III Regulation) or during examination of an application for international protection or an application for a residence permit.
- BG: място за задържане
- CZ: zařízení pro zajištění cizinců / zajišťovací zařízení
- DE: Haftzentrum
- EE: kinnipidamisasutus
- EN: detention facility
- ES: centro de internamiento
- FI: säilöönottolaitos
- FR: centre de rétention
- GA: ionad coinneála
- GR: χώρος κράτησης (κρατητήρια)
- HU: őrzött szállás / fogda
- IT: struttura di trattenimento
- LT: sulaikymo centras
- LV: aizturēšanas telpa
- MT: Ċentru / Faċilità ta’ detenzjoni
- NL: inrichting voor vreemdelingenbewaring
- NO: forvaringsleir
- PL: ośrodek detencyjny
- PT: centro de instalação temporária
- RO: centru de cazare a străinilor luaţi în custodie publică
- SE: förvarsanläggning
- SK: útvar policajného zaistenia pre cudzincov (national law) / zariadenie určené pre zaistenie cudzincov
- SL: objekt v katerem se izvaja omejitev gibanja / obejkt za pripor
In the EU return context, a specialised facility to keep in detention a third-country national who is the subject of return procedures in order to prepare the return and/ or carry out the removal process, in particular when:
(a) there is a risk of absconding; or
(b) the third-country national concerned avoids or hampers the preparation of return or the removal process.
- BG: задържане
- CZ: zajištění
- DE: Abschiebungshaft
- EE: kinnipidamine
- EN: detention
- ES: internamiento
- FI: säilöönotto
- FR: rétention
- GA: coinneáil
- GR: κράτηση (διοικητική)
- HU: őrizet
- IT: trattenimento
- LT: sulaikymas
- LV: aizturēšana
- MT: Detenzjoni
- NL: detentie; vreemdelingenbewaring (in context of return)
- NO: forvaring
- PL: detencja / zatrzymanie
- PT: detenção
- RO: custodie publică
- SE: förvar
- SK: zaistenie
- SL: omejitev gibanja / pripor
In the EU asylum context, confinement (i.e. deprivation of liberty) of an applicant for international protection by an EU Member State within a particular place, where the applicant is deprived of their personal liberty.
2. Applicants for international protection may be detained at any stage of or throughout the asylum process, from the time an initial application is made up to the point of removal of an unsuccessful applicant for international protection. According to Art. 26 of Directive 2013/32/EU (Recast Asylum Procedures Directive) it is not acceptable to detain a person solely for the reason that they have lodged an application for international protection. To ensure the non-arbitrariness of detention and the respect of fundamental rights of applicants for international protection, Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Reception Conditions Directive) introduced an exhaustive list of detention grounds (Art. 8) and put in place a number of procedural guarantees.The Directive also regulates the conditions in detention facilities (Art. 10).
3. In an EU return context, EU Member States may only detain or keep in a detention facility a third-country national who is the subject of return procedures in order to prepare the return and / or carry out the removal process, in particular when: (a) there is a risk of absconding; or (b) the third-country national concerned avoids or hampers the preparation of return or the removal process. Any detention shall be for as short a period as possible and only maintained as long as removal arrangements are in progress and executed with due diligence. See Art. 15 (1) of Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
4. For further information, see EMN: The use of detention and alternatives to detention in the context of immigration policies, 2014.
- BG: решение за връщане
- CZ: rozhodnutí o navrácení
- DE: Rückkehrentscheidung (EU acquis) / Rückführungsentscheidung (DE)
- EE: lahkumisettekirjutus
- EN: return decision
- ES: resolución de expulsión
- FI: palauttamispäätös
- FR: décision de retour
- GA: cinneadh fillte
- GR: απόφαση επιστροφής
- HU: országelhagyásra kötelező határozat = decision on obligation to leave; kiutasítást elrendelő határozat = expulsion decision
- IT: decisione di ritorno
- LT: sprendimas grąžinti
- LV: atgriešanas lēmums (EU acquis) / izbraukšanas rīkojums / lēmums par piespiedu izraidīšanu (national)
- MT: Deċiżjoni ta’ ritorn
- NL: terugkeerbesluit
- NO: returvedtak
- PL: decyzja o powrocie
- PT: decisão de afastamento / notificação para abandono
- RO: decizie de returnare
- SE: beslut om återvändande
- SK: rozhodnutie o návrate
- SL: odločba o vrnitvi
An administrative or judicial decision or act, stating or declaring the stay of a third-country national to be illegal and imposing or stating an obligation to return.
For some EU Member States, a return decision and removal order may occur within one administrative or judicial act as provided for in their national legislation.
- BG: трафик на хора
- CZ: obchodování s lidmi
- DE: Menschenhandel
- EE: inimkaubandus
- EN: trafficking in human beings
- ES: trata de seres humanos
- FI: ihmiskauppa
- FR: traite des êtres humains
- GA: gáinneáil i ndaoine
- GR: εμπορία ανθρώπων
- HU: emberkereskedelem
- IT: tratta di esseri umani
- LT: prekyba žmonėmis
- LV: cilvēku tirdzniecība
- MT: Traffikar ta’ Persuni
- NL: mensenhandel
- NO: menneskehandel
- PL: handel ludźmi
- PT: tráfico de seres humanos
- RO: trafic de fiinţe umane
- SE: människohandel
- SK: obchodovanie s ľuďmi
- SL: trgovina z ljudmi
The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or reception of persons, including the exchange or transfer of control over those persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
2. Exploitation includes, as a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, including begging, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or the exploitation of criminal activities, or the removal of organs.
3. The EU anti-trafficking website provides a one-stop-shop for practitioners and the public interested in the problem of trafficking.
- BG: заповед за извеждане
- CZ: rozhodnutí o vyhoštění
- DE: Abschiebungsanordnung
- EE: väljasaatmisotsus
- EN: removal order
- ES: orden de expulsión
- FI: maastapoistamismääräys
- FR: mesure d’éloignement
- GA: ordú aistrithe
- GR: εντολή απομάκρυνσης
- HU: kitoloncolásról szóló határozat
- IT: provvedimento di allontanamento
- LT: nurodymas išsiųsti
- LV: lēmums par piespiedu izraidīšanu
- MT: Ordni ta’ tneħħija
- NL: last tot uitzetting
- NO: vedtak om uttransportering
- PL: decyzja nakazująca wyjazd
- PT: decisão de afastamento
- RO: decizie de returnare sub escortă
- SE: beslut om avlägsnande
- SK: príkaz na odsun / príkaz na vyhostenie
- SL: nalog za odstranitev
An administrative or judicial decision or act ordering a removal.
For some EU Member States, a return decision and removal order may occur within one administrative or judicial act as provided for in their national legislation.
- BG: временно отлагане на извеждането
- CZ: odklad vyhoštění
- DE: einstweilige Aussetzung der Abschiebung (EU acquis) / vorübergehende Aussetzung der Abschiebung / Duldung (AT, DE) Aufschub der Abschiebung (LU)
- EE: väljasaatmise edasilükkamine
- EN: postponement of removal
- ES: aplazamiento de la expulsión
- FI: maastapoistamisen lykkääminen
- FR: report de l’éloignement
- GA: an t-aistriú a chur siar
- GR: αναβολή της απομάκρυνσης
- HU: befogadottkénti tartózkodás
- LT: išsiuntimo atidėjimas
- LV: izraidīšanas atlikšana
- NL: uitstel van verwijdering
- NO: utsatt uttransportering (b) / utsett uttransportering (n)
- PL: wstrzymanie wydalenia
- PT: adiamento do afastamento
- RO: amânarea îndepărtării
- SE: uppskov med avlägsnande
- SK: odklad odsunu (EU acquis) / tolerovaný pobyt (national law)
- SL: dovolitev zadrževanja / odložitev vračanja
(Temporary) suspension of removal of a third-country national who has received a return decision but whose removal is not possible either for humanitarian reasons (as their removal would violate the principle of non-refoulement or due to the third-country national’s physical state or mental capacity) or for technical reasons (such as lack of transport capacity or failure of the removal due to lack of identification or the country of origin’s refusal to accept the person) and for as long as a suspensory effect is granted in accordance with Art. 13(2) of Council Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
2. In several EU Member States, the term ‘tolerated stay’ is not formally used anymore and has been replaced by ‘postponment of removal’ after the transposition of Council Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
3. For more information, see EMN: Alternatives to Detention, 2014.
- BG: извеждане
- CZ: vyhoštění
- DE: Abschiebung
- EE: väljasaatmine
- EN: removal
- ES: expulsión
- FI: maasta poistaminen
- FR: éloignement
- GA: aistriú
- GR: απομάκρυνση
- HU: kitoloncolás
- IT: allontanamento
- LT: išsiuntimas
- LV: piespiedu izraidīšana
- MT: Tneħħija
- NL: uitzetting (syn: verwijdering)
- NO: uttransportering
- PL: odesłanie (wyjazd)
- PT: afastamento
- RO: Îndepărtare de pe teritoriu / returnare
- SE: avlägsnande
- SK: odsun
- SL: odstranitev
In the EU context, the enforcement of the obligation to return, namely the physical transportation out of the EU Member State.
2. While deportation and removal often are understood as synonyms, deportation is not used as a legal term in all EU Member States (only DE, FI, IE and UK define 'deportation' in their legislation) and is only applicable as a general concept by the public, sometimes with a negative connotation. Because of this variation, ‘removal ‘ is the preferred term to use.
3. In DE deportation and removal are defined in legislation (Sect. 57 and 58 of the Residence Act) and have different meanings. In FI deportation is synonymous with removal only in cases of a foreign citizen who: - resides in the country under a fixed term or permanent residence permit issued by Finnish authorities; - resides in the country and whose residence has been registered as provided in this Act; or - continues to reside in the country after his or her residence permit, registered residence or residence card has expired (Sect. 143 of the Finnish Aliens' Act).
- BG: експулсиране
- CZ: vyhoštění
- DE: Rückführung (EU acquis); Ausweisung (DE)
- EE: väljasaatmine
- EN: expulsion
- ES: expulsión
- FI: maasta poistaminen
- FR: expulsion
- GA: díbirt / ionnarbadh
- GR: απέλαση
- HU: kiutasítás (when implemented with official escort: kitoloncolás)
- IT: espulsione
- LT: išsiuntimas
- LV: piespiedu izraidīšana
- MT: Espulsjoni / Tkeċċija
- NL: verwijdering (syn.: uitzetting, uitwijzing)
- NO: utvisning (b) / utvising (n)
- PL: wydalenie
- PT: expulsão
- RO: (a) expulzare (b) returnare (forţată) sub escortă
- SE: avvisning / utvisning
- SK: vyhostenie
- SL: izgon / odstranitev
(a) a third-country national subject to an expulsion decision based on a serious and present threat to public order or to national security and safety taken in the following cases:
- conviction of a third-country national by the issuing EU Member State for an offence punishable by a penalty involving deprivation of liberty of at least one year;
- the existence of serious grounds for believing that a third-country national has committed serious criminal offences or the existence of solid evidence of their intention to commit such offences within the territory of a Member State.
(b) a third-country national subject to an expulsion decision based on failure to comply with national rules on the entry or residence of aliens.
In FI, the preferred English translation is ‘removal from the country’.
- BG: експлоатация
- CZ: vykořisťování
- DE: Ausbeutung
- EE: ärakasutamine
- EN: exploitation
- ES: explotación
- FI: hyväksikäyttö
- FR: exploitation
- GA: dúshaothrú
- GR: εκμετάλλευση
- HU: kizsákmányolás
- IT: sfruttamento
- LT: išnaudojimas
- LV: izmantošana
- MT: Sfruttament
- NL: uitbuiting
- NO: utnyttelse (b) / utnytting (n)
- PL: wykorzystywanie
- PT: exploração
- RO: exploatare
- SE: utnyttjande
- SK: vykorisťovanie
- SL: izkoriščanje
The act of taking advantage of something or someone, in particular the act of taking unjust advantage of another for one’s own benefit (e.g. sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs).
Art. 2(3) of Directive 2011/36/EU (Trafficking Directive) states that exploitation includes, as a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, including begging, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or the exploitation of criminal activities, or the removal of organs.
- BG: сигурна трета страна
- CZ: bezpečná třetí země
- DE: sicherer Drittstaat
- EE: turvaline kolmas riik
- EN: safe third country
- ES: tercer país seguro
- FI: turvallinen kolmas maa
- FR: pays tiers sûr
- GA: tríú tír atá sábháilte
- GR: ασφαλής τρίτη χώρα
- HU: biztonságos harmadik ország
- IT: paese terzo sicuro
- LT: saugi trečioji šalis
- LV: droša trešā valsts
- MT: Pajjiż terz sigur / bla perikli
- NL: veilig derde land
- NO: trygt tredjeland
- PL: bezpieczny kraj trzeci
- PT: país terceiro seguro
- RO: ţară / stat terţ(ă) sigură
- SE: säkert tredjeland
- SK: bezpečná tretia krajina
- SL: varna tretja država
(a) life and liberty are not threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion;
(b) there is no risk of serious harm as defined in Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) ;
(c) the principle of non-refoulement in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol is respected;
(d) the prohibition of removal, in violation of the right to freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment as laid down in international law, is respected; and
(e) the possibility exists to request refugee status and, if found to be a refugee, to receive protection in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol.
- BG: депортиране
- CZ: nucený návrat
- DE: Abschiebung
- EE: väljasaatmine
- EN: deportation
- ES: expulsión
- FI: karkottaminen
- FR: éloignement
- GA: díbirt
- GR: απέλαση
- HU: kitoloncolás
- IT: espulsione/ deportazione
- LT: deportacija
- LV: piespiedu izraidīšana
- MT: Deportazzjoni
- NL: uitzetting
- NO: uttransportering
- PL: deportacja
- PT: deportação
- RO: returnare
- SE: utvisning
- SK: vyhostenie
- SL: odstranitev / deportacija
The act of a state in the exercise of its sovereignty in removing an alien from its territory to a certain place after refusal of admission or termination of permission to remain.
- BG: vertimo nėra
- CZ: poživatel doplňkové ochrany
- DE: De-facto-Flüchtling
- EE: de facto pagulane
- EN: de facto refugee
- ES: refugiado de facto
- FI: tosiasiallinen pakolainen / de facto -pakolainen
- FR: réfugié de facto
- GA: dídeanaí de facto
- GR: de facto πρόσφυγας
- HU: de facto menekült
- IT: rifugiato de facto
- LT: de facto pabėgėlis
- LV: de facto bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) de facto
- NL: de facto vluchteling
- NO: de facto-flyktning
- PL: uchodźca de facto
- PT: refugiado de facto
- RO: refugiat de facto
- SE: de facto-flykting
- SK: utečenec de facto
- SL: de facto begunec
Person not recognised as a refugee (within the meaning of Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol) and who is unable or, for reasons recognised as valid, unwilling to return to their country of origin or country of nationality or, if they have no nationality, to the country of their habitual residence.
2. In DE, this refers to a person who has not applied for asylum or whose asylum application has been rejected, but whose removal has been suspended due to concrete danger of life, body or freedom. For example, a person’s stay will be tolerated in DE on grounds of humanitarian law.