Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: уязвимо лице
- CZ: zranitelná osoba
- DE: schutzbedürftige Person
- EE: haavatav isik
- EN: vulnerable person
- ES: persona vulnerable
- FI: haavoittuvassa asemassa oleva henkilö
- FR: personne vulnérable
- GA: duine soghonta
- GR: ευάλωτο άτομο
- HU: sérülékeny (csoporthoz tartozó) személy
- IT: persona vulnerabile
- LT: pažeidžiamas asmuo
- LV: mazāk aizsargāta persona
- MT: Persuna vulnerabbli
- NL: kwetsbaar persoon
- NO: sårbar person
- PL: osoba szczególnej troski
- PT: pessoa vulnerável
- RO: persoană vulnerabilă
- SE: utsatt person
- SK: zraniteľná osoba
- SL: ranljiva oseba
Minors, unaccompanied minors, disabled people, elderly people, pregnant women, single parents with minor children, victims of trafficking in human beings, persons with serious illnesses, persons with mental disorders and persons who have been subjected to torture, rape or other serious forms of psychological, physical or sexual violence, such as victims of female genital mutilation.
2. Some directives use narrower definitions such as in its Art. 3(9) Directive 2008/115/EG (Return Directive).
- BG: престъпление срещу човечеството
- CZ: zločin proti lidskoti
- DE: Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit
- EE: inimsusevastane kuritegu
- EN: crime against humanity
- ES: crimen contra la humanidad
- FI: rikos ihmiskuntaa / ihmisyyttä vastaan
- FR: crime contre l’humanité
- GA: coir i gcoinne an chine dhaonna
- GR: έγκλημα κατά της ανθρωπότητας
- HU: emberiség elleni bűncselekmény
- IT: crimine contro l’umanità
- LT: nusikaltimas žmoniškumui
- LV: noziegums pret cilvēci
- MT: Reat kontra l-umanità
- NL: misdrijf tegen de menselijkheid
- NO: forbrytelse mot menneskeheten (b) / brotsverk mot menneskeslekta (n)
- PL: zbrodnia przeciwko ludzkości
- PT: crimes contra a humanidade
- RO: crimă împotriva umanităţii
- SE: brott mot mänskligheten
- SK: zločin proti ľudskosti
- SL: zločin proti človeštvu
Act committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack.
a) murder;
b) extermination;
c)enslavement;
d) deportation or forcible transfer of population;
e) imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law;
f) torture;
g) rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilisation, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity;
h) persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally recognised as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court;
i)enforced disappearance of persons;
j) the crime of apartheid;
k) other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.
- BG: изтезания
- CZ: mučení
- DE: Folter
- EE: piinamine
- EN: torture
- ES: tortura
- FI: kidutus
- FR: torture
- GA: céasadh
- HU: kínzás
- IT: tortura
- LT: kankinimas
- LV: spīdzināšana
- MT: Tortura
- NL: foltering
- NO: tortur
- PL: tortury
- RO: tortură
- SE: tortyr
- SK: mučenie
- SL: mučenje
In the context of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, deliberate inhuman treatment causing very serious and cruel suffering.
2.The right to freedom from torture is enshrined in many international treaties, most notably the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the UN Convention against Torture (UNCAT). The acceptance that torture is forbidden under any circumstances, including war, public emergency or terrorist threat, indicates that universally it is considered as a fundamental principle of customary international law. This means that even States that have not ratified any of the international treaties explicitly prohibiting torture are banned from using it against anyone, anywhere, under any circumstances.
3. Regional conventions, such as the European Convention on Human Rights (Art. 3) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Art. 4), also recognise torture as a prohibited act.
4. Both the UNCAT and the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol expressly prohibit the forced return of an asylum seeker to a country where they may be at risk of torture.
5. In the EU, Art. 21 of Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Receptions Conditions Directive) explicitly considers the situation of vulnerable asylum seekers with special needs, including victims of torture. EU Member States are obliged to identify victims of torture within the asylum procedure and to assess whether they have special reception needs, including the need to access appropriate medical and psychological treatment or care.
- BG: тежки посегателства
- CZ: vážná újma
- DE: ernsthafter Schaden
- EE: tõsine oht / kahju
- EN: serious harm
- ES: daños graves
- FI: vakava haitta
- FR: atteinte grave
- GA: díobháil thromchúiseach
- HU: súlyos veszély
- IT: danno grave
- LT: didelė žala
- LV: smags kaitējums
- MT: Dannu(-i) serju(-i)
- NL: ernstige schade
- NO: alvorlig skade (b) / alvorleg skade (n)
- PL: poważna krzywda
- PT: ofensas graves
- RO: vătămare gravă
- SE: allvarlig skada
- SK: vážne bezprávie
- SL: resna škoda
- BG: сигурна трета страна
- CZ: bezpečná třetí země
- DE: sicherer Drittstaat
- EE: turvaline kolmas riik
- EN: safe third country
- ES: tercer país seguro
- FI: turvallinen kolmas maa
- FR: pays tiers sûr
- GA: tríú tír atá sábháilte
- GR: ασφαλής τρίτη χώρα
- HU: biztonságos harmadik ország
- IT: paese terzo sicuro
- LT: saugi trečioji šalis
- LV: droša trešā valsts
- MT: Pajjiż terz sigur / bla perikli
- NL: veilig derde land
- NO: trygt tredjeland
- PL: bezpieczny kraj trzeci
- PT: país terceiro seguro
- RO: ţară / stat terţ(ă) sigură
- SE: säkert tredjeland
- SK: bezpečná tretia krajina
- SL: varna tretja država
(a) life and liberty are not threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion;
(b) there is no risk of serious harm as defined in Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) ;
(c) the principle of non-refoulement in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol is respected;
(d) the prohibition of removal, in violation of the right to freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment as laid down in international law, is respected; and
(e) the possibility exists to request refugee status and, if found to be a refugee, to receive protection in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol.
- BG: сигурна страна на произход
- CZ: bezpečná země původu
- DE: sicherer Herkunftsstaat
- EE: turvaline päritoluriik (kolmas riik)
- EN: safe country of origin
- ES: país de origen seguro
- FI: turvallinen alkuperämaa
- FR: pays d’origine sûr
- GA: tír thionscnaimh atá sábháilte
- GR: ασφαλής χώρα προέλευσης
- HU: biztonságos származási ország
- IT: paese di origine sicuro
- LT: saugi kilmės šalis
- LV: droša izcelsmes valsts
- MT: Pajjiż tal-oriġini sigur / bla perikli
- NL: veilig land van herkomst
- NO: trygt hjemland (b) / trygt heimland (n)
- PL: bezpieczny kraj pochodzenia
- PT: país de origem seguro
- RO: ţara de origine sigură
- SE: säkert ursprungsland
- SK: bezpečná krajina pôvodu
- SL: varna izvorna država
A country where, on the basis of the legal situation, the application of the law within a democratic system and the general political circumstances, it can be shown that there is generally and consistently no persecution as defined in Art. 9 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive), no torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and no threat by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict.
2. According to the Protocol 29 of TFEU, EU Member States shall be regarded as constituting safe countries of origin in respect of each other for all legal and practical purposes in relation to asylum matters. Accordingly, any application for asylum made by a national of a Member State are normally not taken into consideration.
3. EU Member States shall regularly review the situation in third countries that are designated as safe countries of origin.
4. The assessment of whether a country is a safe country of origin shall be based on a range of sources of information, including in particular information from other EU Member States, European Asylum Support Office (EASO), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Council of Europe and other relevant international organisations.
5. According to Art. 36 of Directive 2013/32/EU (Recast Asylum Procedures Directive), the 'concept of safe country of origin' means that a third country is - after an individual examination of the application - considered as a safe country of origin for a particular applicant only if:
- they have the nationality of that country; or
- they are a stateless person and were formerly habitually resident in that country, and they have not submitted any serious grounds for considering the country not to be a safe country of origin in their particular circumstances and in terms of their qualification as a beneficiary of international protection in accordance with Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive).
- BG: non-refoulement/ забрана за експулсиране или връщане
- CZ: zákaz vyhoštění a navracení
- DE: Nichtzurückweisung / Non-refoulement / Schutz vor Zurückweisung / Verbot der Ausweisung und Zurückweisung
- EE: tagasisaatmise lubamatus / non-refoulement
- EN: non-refoulement
- ES: non-refoulement
- FI: palauttamiskielto
- FR: non-refoulement / interdiction de retour forcé (LU)
- GA: neamh-refoulement
- GR: μη- επαναπροώθηση
- HU: visszaküldés tilalma
- IT: non-refoulement
- LT: negrąžinimas
- LV: neizraidīšana
- MT: Prinċipju (il-) ta’ non-refoulement - li ma jsirx ritorn imġiegħel jew sfurzat
- NL: non-refoulement (syn.: het beginsel van niet-uitwijzing)
- NO: vern mot utsendelse (b) / vern mot utsending (n)
- PL: zasada non-refoulement/ zasada niewydalania
- PT: non-refoulement
- RO: non-refoulment/ nereturnare
- SE: non-refoulement (förbud mot avvisning / utvisning)
- SK: zásada zákazu vyhostenia alebo vrátenia / zásada non-refoulement / princíp nenavrátenia
- SL: načelo nevračanja
In the refugee context, a core principle of international refugee law that prohibits States from returning refugees in any manner whatsoever to countries or territories in which their lives or freedom may be threatened on account of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.