Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: управление на миграционните процеси
- CZ: řízená migrace
- DE: gesteuerte Migration
- EE: juhitud ränne
- EN: managed migration
- ES: gestión integral de la migración
- FI: hallittu maahanmuutto
- FR: gestion des migrations
- GA: imirce bhainistithe
- GR: ελεγχόμενη μετανάστευση
- HU: migráció kezelés / migráció menedzsment (+ well-managed migration = megfelelően kezelt migráció)
- IT: migrazione gestita
- LT: valdoma migracija
- LV: pārvaldīta migrācija
- MT: Ġestjoni ta’ flussi migratorji
- NL: gereguleerde migratie
- NO: styrt migrasjon
- PL: migracja zarządzana
- PT: migração assistida / Gestão de Migrações
- RO: migraţie controlată
- SE: reglerad migration
- SK: riadená migrácia
- SL: upravljanje migracij / vodene migracije
An approach used by the EU and EU Member States to structure the management of all aspects of migration into and within the EU of both third-country nationals and EU nationals, particularly the entry, admission, residence, integration and return, as well as of refugees and others in need of protection.
Developed by EMN
- BG: страна на връщане
- CZ: země návratu
- DE: Rückkehrland
- EE: vastuvõttev riik
- EN: country of return
- ES: país de retorno
- FI: paluumaa
- FR: pays de retour
- GA: tír fillte
- GR: χώρα επιστροφής
- HU: visszatérési ország
- IT: paese di ritorno
- LT: šalis, į kurią grįžta
- LV: atgriešanas valsts (EU acquis) / izraidīšanas valsts (national)
- MT: Pajjiż fejn wieħed jirritorna / fejn w. imur lura
- NL: terugkeerland
- NO: returland
- PL: kraj powrotu
- PT: país de retorno
- RO: ţara de returnare
- SE: återvändandeland
- SK: krajina návratu
- SL: država povratka / vrnitve
In the EU context, a third country to which a third-country national returns.
2. In most cases, it is the country of origin to which a return is made, but this definition is used here in order to indicate other (possible) destinations, e.g. country of transit or another third country.
- BG: достъп до здравни гриижи
- CZ: přístup ke zdravotní péči
- DE: Zugang zu medizinischer Versorgung
- EE: ligipääs tervishoiule
- EN: access to healthcare
- ES: acceso a la asistencia sanitaria
- FI: oikeus terveydenhuoltoon
- FR: accès aux soins de santé
- GA: Rochtain ar Chúram Sláinte
- GR: πρόσβαση στην υγειονομική περίθαλψη
- HU: a migránsok társadalombiztosítási és egészségügyi ellátásokhoz való hozzáférése
- IT: accesso all’assistenza sanitaria
- LT: sveikatos priežiūros prieinamumas
- LV: piekļuve veselības aprūpei
- MT: Aċċess għas-servizzi tas-saħħa/ għall-kura sanitarja
- NL: toegang tot gezondheidszorg
- NO: tilgang til helsetjenester (b) / tilgang til helsetenester (n)
- PL: dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej
- RO: acces la ingrijirea sanatatii / acces la sistemul medical
- SE: tillgång till hälso- och sjukvård
- SK: prístup k zdravotnej starostlivosti
- SL: dostop do zdravstvenega varstva
Healthcare entitlements enjoyed by third-country nationals (migrants, applicants for international protection and refugees) in EU Member States and in their countries of origin.
2. According to Council Directive 2003/109/EC (Long Term Residents Directive), long-term residents enjoy the same access to healthcare as nationals as defined by national law.
3. Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) grants access to adequate healthcare, including treatment of mental disorders when needed, to beneficiaries of international protection under the same eligibility conditions as nationals of the EU Member State that has granted such protection.
4.Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Reception Conditions Directive) establishes minimum standards for access to healthcare for applicants of international protection during the asylum procedure. It requires EU Member States to ensure that asylum seekers at least receive emergency care and essential treatment for illnesses and serious mental disorders. However, the entitlement of asylum seekers to healthcare services depends on national legislation and varies among Member States. See for example, the EMN: Ad-Hoc Query on System of medical treatment of asylum seekers in Member States.
5. Access to healthcare can be a key factor in the process of decision-making on applications for international protection. Subsidiary protection may apply if the asylum-seeker contends that a return to the country of origin is impossible for health reasons, as the return of a sick person which is often connected with the medical standards in the country of return could constitute a breach of Art. 3 ECHR. Thus case workers have to take into account whether medical treatment is available in the country of origin and whether the available medical treatment would also be (e.g. financially) accessible to the concerned person upon return. For further information see the description of the MedCOI project in the List of projects funded by the European Refugee Fund in 2011.
- BG: място за задържане
- CZ: zařízení pro zajištění cizinců / zajišťovací zařízení
- DE: Haftzentrum
- EE: kinnipidamisasutus
- EN: detention facility
- ES: centro de internamiento
- FI: säilöönottolaitos
- FR: centre de rétention
- GA: ionad coinneála
- GR: χώρος κράτησης (κρατητήρια)
- HU: őrzött szállás / fogda
- IT: struttura di trattenimento
- LT: sulaikymo centras
- LV: aizturēšanas telpa
- MT: Ċentru / Faċilità ta’ detenzjoni
- NL: inrichting voor vreemdelingenbewaring
- NO: forvaringsleir
- PL: ośrodek detencyjny
- PT: centro de instalação temporária
- RO: centru de cazare a străinilor luaţi în custodie publică
- SE: förvarsanläggning
- SK: útvar policajného zaistenia pre cudzincov (national law) / zariadenie určené pre zaistenie cudzincov
- SL: objekt v katerem se izvaja omejitev gibanja / obejkt za pripor
In the EU return context, a specialised facility to keep in detention a third-country national who is the subject of return procedures in order to prepare the return and/ or carry out the removal process, in particular when:
(a) there is a risk of absconding; or
(b) the third-country national concerned avoids or hampers the preparation of return or the removal process.
- BG: задържане
- CZ: zajištění
- DE: Abschiebungshaft
- EE: kinnipidamine
- EN: detention
- ES: internamiento
- FI: säilöönotto
- FR: rétention
- GA: coinneáil
- GR: κράτηση (διοικητική)
- HU: őrizet
- IT: trattenimento
- LT: sulaikymas
- LV: aizturēšana
- MT: Detenzjoni
- NL: detentie; vreemdelingenbewaring (in context of return)
- NO: forvaring
- PL: detencja / zatrzymanie
- PT: detenção
- RO: custodie publică
- SE: förvar
- SK: zaistenie
- SL: omejitev gibanja / pripor
In the EU asylum context, confinement (i.e. deprivation of liberty) of an applicant for international protection by an EU Member State within a particular place, where the applicant is deprived of their personal liberty.
2. Applicants for international protection may be detained at any stage of or throughout the asylum process, from the time an initial application is made up to the point of removal of an unsuccessful applicant for international protection. According to Art. 26 of Directive 2013/32/EU (Recast Asylum Procedures Directive) it is not acceptable to detain a person solely for the reason that they have lodged an application for international protection. To ensure the non-arbitrariness of detention and the respect of fundamental rights of applicants for international protection, Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Reception Conditions Directive) introduced an exhaustive list of detention grounds (Art. 8) and put in place a number of procedural guarantees.The Directive also regulates the conditions in detention facilities (Art. 10).
3. In an EU return context, EU Member States may only detain or keep in a detention facility a third-country national who is the subject of return procedures in order to prepare the return and / or carry out the removal process, in particular when: (a) there is a risk of absconding; or (b) the third-country national concerned avoids or hampers the preparation of return or the removal process. Any detention shall be for as short a period as possible and only maintained as long as removal arrangements are in progress and executed with due diligence. See Art. 15 (1) of Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
4. For further information, see EMN: The use of detention and alternatives to detention in the context of immigration policies, 2014.
- BG: стажант
- CZ: stážista
- DE: Auszubildender
- EE: praktikant
- EN: trainee
- ES: persona en prácticas
- FI: harjoittelija
- FR: stagiaire
- GA: duine faoi oiliúint
- GR: εκπαιδευόμενος
- HU: gyakornok
- IT: tirocinante / apprendista
- LT: stažuotojas
- LV: praktikants / stažieris
- MT: Persuna titħarreġ / fuq taħriġ
- NL: stagiair
- NO: praktikant
- PL: stażysta
- PT: estagiários / formandos
- RO: stagiar
- SE: praktikant
- SK: stážista
- SL: pripravnik
In the EU migration context, a worker whose presence in the territory of an EU Member State is strictly limited in duration and closely connected with increasing their skills and qualifications in their chosen profession before returning to their own countries to pursue their careers.
- BG: решение за връщане
- CZ: rozhodnutí o navrácení
- DE: Rückkehrentscheidung (EU acquis) / Rückführungsentscheidung (DE)
- EE: lahkumisettekirjutus
- EN: return decision
- ES: resolución de expulsión
- FI: palauttamispäätös
- FR: décision de retour
- GA: cinneadh fillte
- GR: απόφαση επιστροφής
- HU: országelhagyásra kötelező határozat = decision on obligation to leave; kiutasítást elrendelő határozat = expulsion decision
- IT: decisione di ritorno
- LT: sprendimas grąžinti
- LV: atgriešanas lēmums (EU acquis) / izbraukšanas rīkojums / lēmums par piespiedu izraidīšanu (national)
- MT: Deċiżjoni ta’ ritorn
- NL: terugkeerbesluit
- NO: returvedtak
- PL: decyzja o powrocie
- PT: decisão de afastamento / notificação para abandono
- RO: decizie de returnare
- SE: beslut om återvändande
- SK: rozhodnutie o návrate
- SL: odločba o vrnitvi
An administrative or judicial decision or act, stating or declaring the stay of a third-country national to be illegal and imposing or stating an obligation to return.
For some EU Member States, a return decision and removal order may occur within one administrative or judicial act as provided for in their national legislation.
- BG: доброволно напускане на страната
- CZ: dobrovolné opuštění území
- DE: freiwillige Ausreise
- EE: vabatahtlik (riigist) lahkumine määratud tähtaja jooksul
- EN: voluntary departure
- ES: salida voluntaria
- FI: vapaaehtoinen maasta poistuminen
- FR: départ volontaire
- GA: imeacht deonach
- GR: εθελούσια αναχώρηση
- HU: önkéntes távozás
- IT: partenza volontaria
- LT: savanoriškas išvykimas
- LV: brīvprātīga izceļošana
- MT: Tluq volontarju
- NL: vrijwillig vertrek
- NO: frivillig utreise (b) / friviljug utreise (n)
- PL: dobrowolny wyjazd
- PT: abandono voluntário
- RO: plecare voluntară
- SE: frivillig avresa
- SK: dobrovoľný odchod
- SL: prostovoljni odhod
The term is different from voluntary return, as with voluntary departure, ultimately there will be an obligation to return.
- BG: доброволно връщане
- CZ: dobrovolný návrat
- DE: freiwillige Rückkehr
- EE: vabatahtlik (riigist) lahkumine
- EN: voluntary return
- ES: retorno voluntario
- FI: vapaaehtoinen paluu
- FR: retour volontaire
- GA: filleadh deonach
- GR: εθελούσια επιστροφή
- HU: önkéntes hazatérés
- IT: ritorno volontario
- LT: savanoriškas grįžimas
- LV: brīvprātīga atgriešanās
- MT: Ritorn volontarju
- NL: vrijwillige terugkeer
- NO: frivillig retur (b) / friviljug retur (n)
- PL: dobrowolny powrót
- PT: retorno voluntário
- RO: returnare voluntară
- SE: frivilligt återvändande
- SK: dobrovoľný návrat
- SL: prostovoljna vrnitev
The assisted or independent return to the country of origin, transit or third country, based on the free will of the returnee.
2. The types of persons returning without the assistance of the State include those who:
a) would be under no (legal) obligation to do so. As stated in the definition, it is entirely their decision as to whether they return or not;
b) are irregularly resident and have not (yet) been apprehended/detected (e.g. overstayers), but who decide to return anyway;
c) have applied to stay (e.g. asylum seeker, person applying for international protection) and whose application has not yet been finalised, but decide to return anyway.
3. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) prefers the term ‘voluntary repatriation’.
- BG: подпомогнато / асистирано доброволно връщане
- CZ: asistovaný dobrovolný návrat
- DE: unterstützte freiwillige Rückkehr
- EE: toetatud vabatahtlik lahkumine
- EN: assisted voluntary return
- ES: retorno (voluntario asistido)
- FI: tuettu vapaaehtoinen paluu
- FR: aide au retour volontaire
- GA: cur ar ais deonach cuidithe
- GR: υποβοηθούμενη εθελούσια επιστροφή
- HU: támogatott önkéntes hazatérés
- IT: ritorno volontario assistito
- LT: remiamas savanoriškas grįžimas
- LV: atbalstīta brīvprātīga atgriešanās
- MT: Ritorn volontarju assistit
- NL: gefaciliteerde vrijwillige terugkeer
- NO: assistert retur
- PL: wspomagany dobrowolny powrót
- PT: regresso voluntário
- RO: returnare voluntară asistată
- SE: självmant återvändande
- SK: asistovaný dobrovoľný návrat
- SL: prostovoljno vračanje s pomočjo
Voluntary return or voluntary departure supported by logistical, financial and / or other material assistance.
Developed by EMN
- BG: Регионална инициатива по миграция, убежище и бежанци
- CZ: Regionální iniciativa pro migraci, azyl a uprchlíky
- DE: Regionale Migrations-, Asyl- und Flüchtlingsinitiative
- EE: rände, varjupaiga ja pagulaste regionaalne meede (dažniausiai vartojamo išversto termino nėra)
- EN: Migration, Asylum, Refugees Regional Initiative
- ES: iniciativa regional para la migración, el asilo y los refugiados
- FI: maahanmuuttoa, turvapaikkaa ja pakolaisia koskeva alueellinen aloite
- FR: Initiative régionale en matière de migration, d’asile et de retour des réfugiés
- GA: Tionscnamh Réigiúnach um Imirce, Tearmann & Dídeanaithe
- GR: Περιφερειακή Πρωτοβουλία για τη Μετανάστευση, το Άσυλο και τους Πρόσφυγες
- HU: Migráció és Menekültügyi Regionális Kezdeményezés
- IT: Iniziativa Regionale Migrazione, Asilo, Rifugiati
- LT: Regioninė migracijos, prieglobsčio ir pabėgėlių iniciatyva
- LV: Migrācijas, patvēruma un bēgļu reģionālā iniciatīva
- MT: Inizzjattiva Reġjonali dwar il-Migrazzjoni, l-Ażil, u r-Rifuġjati
- NL: Regionaal Migratie-, Asiel- en Vluchtelingeninitiatief
- NO: regionalt initiativ for asyl og flyktninger for Vest-Balkan (b) / regionalt initiativ for asyl og flyktningar for Vest-Balkan (n)
- PL: Regionalna Inicjatywa w sprawach Migracji, Azylu i Uchodźstwa
- PT: iniciativa regional sobre migração, asilo e refugiados
- RO: Iniţiativa regională cu privire la migraţaie, azil şi refugiaţi
- SE: Regionala initiativet för migration, asyl och flyktingar
- SK: Regionálna iniciatíva pre migráciu, azyl a utečencov
- SL: Regionalna pobuda za migracije, azil in begunce
An initiative forming part of the South-East European Cooperation Process, which aims to enhance regional cooperation in the field of migration by promoting a comprehensive, integrated, and coherent approach to the issues of migration, asylum, border management, visa policies and consular cooperation, refugee return and settlement in order to meet international and European standards.
- the MARRI Regional Forum, which provides political and framework support to the Initiative, and
- the MARRI Regional Centre in Skopje, which carries out practical cooperation and activities of MARRI and supports the implementation of the decisions reached by the Regional Forum.
2. MARRI’s top priority is the enhancement of regional cooperation in its fields of activities among countries in the region, as a vital part of the EU integration process and in line with the Thessaloniki Agenda for the Western Balkans.
3. For more information, see the website of MARRI.
- BG: привличане на мозъци
- CZ: příliv mozků
- DE: Brain Gain
- EE: oskustööjõu sissevool
- EN: brain gain
- ES: captación de cerebros
- FI: aivotuonti
- FR: afflux de cerveaux
- GA: inimirce daoine oilte
- GR: κέρδος εγκεφάλων (είναι μεταφορικό)
- HU: there is no widely accepted term, several can be used: agyvisszaszívás / tudásnyerés / brain gain
- IT: acquisizione di cervelli
- LT: protų pritraukimas
- LV: kvalificēta darbaspēka pieplūdums
- MT: Akkwist / Ksib ta’ mħuħ // ta’ nies bi kwalifiki għoljin
- NL: brain gain
- NO: kunnskapsgevinst
- PL: dažniausiai vartojamo išversto termino nėra
- PT: brain gain
- RO: atragerea creierelor / „brain gain”
- SE: dažniausiai vartojamo išversto termino nėra
- SK: získavanie mozgov
- SL: „pridobitev možganov“
The benefit to a country as a result of the immigration of a highly qualified person.
This can apply to, for example, an EU Member State receiving a highly qualified migrant, as well as a third-country national returning to their country of origin.
- BG: движение на мозъци
- CZ: brain circulation
- DE: Brain Circulation
- EE: oskustööjõu ringlus
- EN: brain circulation
- ES: circulación de cerebros
- FI: aivokierto
- FR: circulation des cerveaux
- GA: cúrsaíocht daoine oilte
- GR: κυκλοφορία εγκεφάλων (είναι μεταφορικό)
- HU: there is no widely accepted term: „agykörforgás” is used in some documents
- IT: circolazione di cervelli
- LT: protų apykaita
- LV: kvalificēta darbaspēka aprite
- MT: Ċirkolazzjoni ta’ mħuħ / ta’ nies bi kwalifiki għoljin
- NL: mobiliteit van hoogopgeleide personen (syn.: brain circulation)
- NO: kunnskapsmobilitet / kunnskapssirkulasjon
- PL: cyrkulacja mózgów
- PT: circulação de cérebros
- RO: circulaţia creierelor
- SE: kunskapsspridning
- SK: cirkulácia mozgov
- SL: „kroženje možganov“
The possibility for developing countries to draw on the skills, know-how and other forms of experience gained by their migrants - whether they have returned to their country of origin or not - and members of their diaspora.
- BG: принудително връщане
- CZ: nucený návrat
- DE: zwangsweise Rückführung / Zwangsrückführung / erzwungene Rückkehr
- EE: sunnitud tagasipöördumine
- EN: compulsory return
- ES: retorno forzoso
- FI: pakkopalautus / pakkoon perustuva paluu
- FR: obligation de retour
- GA: filleadh éigeantach
- GR: αναγκαστική επιστροφή
- HU: kötelező visszatérés
- IT: ritorno obbligato
- LT: priverstinis grąžinimas
- LV: piespiedu atgriešana (EU acquis) / piespiedu izraidīšana (national)
- MT: Ritorn obbligatorju // Ripatrijazzjoni obbligatorja
- NL: gedwongen terugkeer
- NO: tvangsretur
- PL: przymusowy powrót
- RO: returnare (fortata)/returnare sub escortă
- SE: tvångsmässigt återvändande
- SK: nútený návrat
- SL: obvezno vračanje
In the EU context, the process of going back – whether in voluntary or enforced compliance with an obligation to return– to:
- one's country of origin; or
- a country of transit in accordance with EU or bilateral readmission agreements or other arrangements; or
- another third country, to which the third-country national concerned voluntarily decides to return and in which they will be accepted.
2. Outside of EU legislation the term ‘forced return’ is more commonly used and understood as a synonym with ‘compulsory return’ – i.e. return which occurs in compliance with a return decision.
- BG: Пражки процес
- CZ: Pražský proces
- DE: Prager Prozess
- EE: Praha protsess
- EN: Prague Process
- ES: Proceso de Praga
- FI: Prahan prosessi
- FR: Processus de Prague
- GA: Próiseas Phrág
- HU: Prágai Folyamat
- IT: Processo di Praga
- LT: Prahos procesas
- LV: Prāgas process
- MT: Proċess (Il-) ta’ Praga
- NL: Praag-proces
- NO: Praha-prosessen
- PL: Proces Praski
- PT: Processo de Praga
- RO: Procesul Praga
- SE: Pragprocessen
- SK: Pražský proces
- SL: Praški proces
A process to strengthen cooperation in migration management between the European Union (EU) and 19 partner countries to the East (the Western Balkans, Eastern Europe, Turkey, Russia, Central Asia and Southern Caucasus).
2. Its activities extend across five areas:
(1) combating irregular migration;
(2) readmission, voluntary return and reintegration;
(3) legal migration;
(4) integration; and
(5) migration and development.
The process takes a comprehensive, balanced, pragmatic and operational approach, respecting the rights and human dignity of migrants and their family members, as well as of refugees.
3. For more information, see the website of the Prague Process.
- BG: страна на гражданство
- CZ: země státní příslušnosti
- DE: Land der Staatsangehörigkeit / Staatsbürgerschaft
- EE: kodakondsusjärgne riik
- EN: country of nationality
- ES: país de nacionalidad
- FI: kansalaisuusvaltio
- FR: pays de nationalité
- GA: tír náisiúntachta
- GR: Χώρα της ιθαγένειας
- HU: állampolgárság szerinti ország
- IT: paese di cittadinanza
- LT: pilietybės šalis
- LV: pilsonības valsts
- MT: Pajjiż tan-nazzjonalità
- NL: land waarvan iemand onderdaan is (syn.: land waarvan iemand het staatsburgerschap heeft)
- NO: statsborgerskapsland (b) / statsborgarskapsland (n)
- PL: państwo, którego obywatelem jest cudzoziemiec
- PT: país de nacionalidade
- RO: ţara de cetăţenie
- SE: medborgarskapsland
- SK: krajina štátneho občianstva / krajina štátnej príslušnosti
- SL: država katere oseba je državljan
The country (or countries) of which a person holds citizenship.
2. In some EU Member States, this term is used in the context of return.
Developed by EMN
- BG: основания за преследване, посочени в Конвенцията за статута на бежанците
- CZ: důvody pro udělení azylu dle Ženevské úmluvy
- DE: Verfolgungsgründe (nach) der Genfer Konvention, Konventionsgründe
- EE: Genfi konventsioonis sätestatud tagakiusamise alused
- EN: Convention grounds for persecution
- ES: motivos de persecución Convenio de Ginebra de 1951 y Protocolo de 1967
- FI: Geneven yleissopimuksen mukaiset vainon perusteet
- FR: motifs de persécution au sens de la Convention de Genève
- GA: forais ghéarleanúna de réir Choinbhinsiún na Ginéive
- GR: λόγους δίωξης
- IT: cause di persecuzione ex Convenzione di Ginevra
- LT: persekiojimo pagrindai pagal Konvenciją
- LV: Ženēvas konvencijas noteiktie vajāšanas pamati
- MT: Motivi għall-persekuzzjoni skont il-Konvenzjoni
- NL: gronden voor vervolging in de zin van het Vluchtelingenverdrag
- NO: konvensjonsgrunnene for forfølgelse (b) / konvensjonsgrunnane for forfølging (n)
- RO: motive de persecutie stabilite de Conventia de la Geneva din 1951
- SE: konventionsgrunder för förföljelse
- SK: dôvody prenasledovania podľa Ženevského dohovoru
- SL: konvencijski razlogi za preganjanje / razlogi za preganjanje po Ženevski konvenciji iz 1951
2. The following definitions come into play when States attempt to determine who is and who is not a refugee :
- race is used in its broadest sense and includes ethnic and social groups of common descent;
- religion also has meaning, including identification with a group that tends to share common traditions or beliefs, as well as the active practice of religion;
- nationality includes an individual’s citizenship. Persecution of ethnic, linguistic and cultural groups within a population also may be termed persecution based on nationality;
- a particular social group refers to people who share a similar background, habits or social status. This category often overlaps with persecution based on one of the other four grounds. It has applied to families of capitalists, landowners, homosexuals, entrepreneurs and former members of the military;
- political opinion refers to ideas not tolerated by the authorities, including opinions critical of government policies and methods. It includes opinions attributed to individuals even if the individual does not in fact hold that opinion. Individuals who conceal their political opinions until after they have fled their countries may qualify for refugee status if they can show that their views are likely to subject them to persecution if they return home.
- BG: разселено лице
- CZ: vysídlená osoba
- DE: Vertriebener
- EE: ümberasustatud isik
- EN: displaced person
- ES: población desplazada
- FI: siirtymään joutunut henkilö
- FR: personne déplacée
- GA: duine easáitithe
- GR: εκτοπισμένο πρόσωπο
- HU: lakóhelyét elhagyni kényszerült személy
- IT: sfollato
- LT: perkeltasis asmuo
- LV: pārvietota persona
- MT: Persuna sfollata // maqlugħa minn darha // li kellha tħalli darha
- NL: ontheemde
- NO: fordrevet person (b) / fordriven person (n)
- PL: osoba przesiedlona
- PT: deslocado
- RO: persoană strămutată
- SE: fördriven person
- SK: vysídlená osoba / vysídlenec (EU acquis) / odídenec (national law)
- SL: razseljena oseba
(i) a person who has fled areas of armed conflict or endemic violence;
(ii) a person at serious risk of, or who has been the victim of, systematic or generalised violations of their human rights.
- BG: уязвимо лице
- CZ: zranitelná osoba
- DE: schutzbedürftige Person
- EE: haavatav isik
- EN: vulnerable person
- ES: persona vulnerable
- FI: haavoittuvassa asemassa oleva henkilö
- FR: personne vulnérable
- GA: duine soghonta
- GR: ευάλωτο άτομο
- HU: sérülékeny (csoporthoz tartozó) személy
- IT: persona vulnerabile
- LT: pažeidžiamas asmuo
- LV: mazāk aizsargāta persona
- MT: Persuna vulnerabbli
- NL: kwetsbaar persoon
- NO: sårbar person
- PL: osoba szczególnej troski
- PT: pessoa vulnerável
- RO: persoană vulnerabilă
- SE: utsatt person
- SK: zraniteľná osoba
- SL: ranljiva oseba
Minors, unaccompanied minors, disabled people, elderly people, pregnant women, single parents with minor children, victims of trafficking in human beings, persons with serious illnesses, persons with mental disorders and persons who have been subjected to torture, rape or other serious forms of psychological, physical or sexual violence, such as victims of female genital mutilation.
2. Some directives use narrower definitions such as in its Art. 3(9) Directive 2008/115/EG (Return Directive).
- BG: опасност от укриване
- CZ: nebezpečí skrývání se
- DE: Fluchtgefahr, Gefahr unterzutauchen
- EE: põgenemise (kõrvalehoidumise) oht
- EN: risk of absconding
- ES: riesgo de fuga
- FI: pakenemisen vaara
- FR: risque de fuite
- GA: baol éalaithe
- GR: κίνδυνος απόδρασης
- HU: szökés veszélye
- IT: rischio di fuga
- LT: pasislėpimo pavojus
- LV: bēgšanas iespējamība
- MT: Riskju / Biża’ ta’ ħarba / ħrib / kontumaċja
- NL: risico op onderduiken
- NO: risiko for unndragelse (b) / risiko for unndraging (n)
- PL: ryzyko ucieczki
- PT: perigo de fuga
- RO: riscul de a se sustrage
- SE: risk för avvikande
- SK: riziko úteku
- SL: tveganje pobega
- BG: пограничен работник
- CZ: přeshraniční pracovník
- DE: Grenzarbeitnehmer
- EE: piiriala töötaja
- EN: frontier worker
- ES: trabajador transfronterizo
- FI: rajatyöntekijä
- FR: travailleur frontalier
- GA: oibrí trasteorann
- GR: συνοριακός εργαζόμενος
- HU: határmenti ingázó (munkavállaló)
- IT: lavoratore straniero frontaliero
- LT: pasienio darbuotojas
- LV: pārrobežu darba ņēmējs
- MT: Ħaddiem ta’ mal-fruntiera
- NL: grensarbeider
- NO: arbeidstaker som grensependler (b) / arbeidstakar som grensependlar (n)
- PL: pracownik przygraniczny
- PT: trabalhador fronteiriço
- RO: lucrător transfrontalier
- SE: gränsarbetare
- SK: pracovník z prihraničnej oblasti
- SL: obmejni delavec
In the EU context, a worker who is employed in the frontier zone of an EU Member State but who returns each day or at least once a week to the frontier zone of a neighbouring country in which they reside and of which they are nationals.
2. Contrary to 'cross-border workers', frontier workers work in the frontier zone of the neighbouring country.
- BG: лице, което отговаря на условията за субсидиарна закрила
- CZ: osoba, která má nárok na doplňkovou ochranu
- DE: Person mit Anspruch auf subsidiären Schutz
- EE: täiendava kaitse saamise nõuetele vastav isik
- EN: person eligible for subsidiary protection
- ES: persona con derecho a protección subsidiaria
- FI: henkilö, joka voi saada toissijaista suojelua
- FR: personne pouvant bénéficier de la protection subsidiaire
- GA: duine atá i dteideal cosaint choimhdeach
- GR: άτομο επιλέξιμο για επικουρική προστασία
- HU: kiegészítő védelemben részesített személy / oltalmazott
- IT: persona avente titolo a beneficiare della protezione sussidiaria
- LT: papildomą apsaugą galintis gauti asmuo
- LV: persona, kura tiesīga uz alternatīvo statusu
- MT: Persuna eliġibbli għal protezzjoni sussidjarja
- NL: persoon die voor subsidiaire bescherming in aanmerking komt
- NO: person som har krav på subsidiær beskyttelse (b) / person som har krav på subsidiært vern (n)
- PL: osoba kwalifikująca się do ochrony uzupełniającej
- PT: pessoa elegível para protecção subsidiária
- RO: persoană eligibilă pentru protecţie subsidiară
- SE: person som uppfyller kraven för att betecknas som subsidiärt skyddsbehövande
- SK: osoba oprávnená na doplnkovú ochranu
- SL: oseba upravičena do subsidiarne zaščite
A third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to their country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person, to their country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Art. 15 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) and to whom Art. 17(1) and (2) of said Directive do not apply, and is unable, or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
- BG: субсидиарна закрила
- CZ: doplňková ochrana
- DE: subsidiärer Schutz
- EE: täiendav kaitse
- EN: subsidiary protection
- ES: protección subsidiaria
- FI: toissijainen suojelu
- FR: protection subsidiaire
- GA: cosaint choimhdeach
- GR: επικουρική προστασία
- HU: kiegészítő védelem
- IT: protezione sussidiaria
- LT: papildoma apsauga
- LV: alternatīvā aizsardzība
- MT: Protezzjoni sussidjarja
- NL: subsidiaire bescherming
- NO: subsidiær beskyttelse (b) / subsidiært vern (n)
- PL: ochrona (uzupełniająca)
- PT: ochrona (uzupełniająca)
- RO: protecţie subsidiară
- SE: subsidiärt skydd
- SK: doplnková ochrana
- SL: subsidiarna zaščita
The protection given to a third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to their country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person to their country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Art. 15 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive), and to whom Art. 17(1) and (2) of this Directive do not apply, and is unable or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
This term is not used in UK (see ‘humanitarian protection’).
- BG: бежанец
- CZ: uprchlík
- DE: Flüchtling
- EE: pagulane
- EN: refugee
- ES: refugiado
- FI: pakolainen
- FR: réfugié
- GA: dídeanaí
- GR: πρόσφυγας
- HU: menekült
- IT: rifugiato
- LT: pabėgėlis
- LV: bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a)
- NL: vluchteling
- NO: flyktning
- PL: uchodźca
- PT: refugiado
- RO: refugiat
- SE: flykting
- SK: utečenec (international law, EU acquis) / azylant (national law)
- SL: begunec
In the EU context, either a third-country national who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, is outside the country of nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country, or a stateless person, who, being outside of the country of former habitual residence for the same reasons as mentioned above, is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it, and to whom Art. 12 (Exclusion) of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) does not apply.
- BG: заповед за извеждане
- CZ: rozhodnutí o vyhoštění
- DE: Abschiebungsanordnung
- EE: väljasaatmisotsus
- EN: removal order
- ES: orden de expulsión
- FI: maastapoistamismääräys
- FR: mesure d’éloignement
- GA: ordú aistrithe
- GR: εντολή απομάκρυνσης
- HU: kitoloncolásról szóló határozat
- IT: provvedimento di allontanamento
- LT: nurodymas išsiųsti
- LV: lēmums par piespiedu izraidīšanu
- MT: Ordni ta’ tneħħija
- NL: last tot uitzetting
- NO: vedtak om uttransportering
- PL: decyzja nakazująca wyjazd
- PT: decisão de afastamento
- RO: decizie de returnare sub escortă
- SE: beslut om avlägsnande
- SK: príkaz na odsun / príkaz na vyhostenie
- SL: nalog za odstranitev
An administrative or judicial decision or act ordering a removal.
For some EU Member States, a return decision and removal order may occur within one administrative or judicial act as provided for in their national legislation.
- BG: незаконно пребиваване
- CZ: neoprávněný pobyt
- DE: irregulärer Aufenthalt
- EE: ebaseaduslik (riigis) viibimine
- EN: irregular stay
- ES: estancia irregular
- FI: laiton oleskelu
- FR: séjour irrégulier
- GA: cuairt aimhrialta
- GR: παράνομη διαμονή
- HU: szabálytalan tartózkodás
- IT: soggiorno irregolare
- LT: neteisėtas buvimas
- LV: nelikumīga uzturēšanās
- MT: Qagħda / Waqfa / Żjara irregolari
- NL: illegaal verblijf
- NO: irregulært opphold (b) / irregulært opphald (n)
- PL: nieregularny pobyt
- PT: permanência irregula
- RO: ședere ilegală
- SE: olaglig vistelse
- SK: neoprávnený pobyt (national law) / nelegálny pobyt
- SL: ilegalno prebivanje / nedovoljeno prebivanje
The presence on the territory of an EU Member State, of a third-country national who does not fulfil, or no longer fulfils the conditions of entry as set out in Art. 5 of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code) or other conditions for entry, stay or residence in that EU Member State.
The European Commission favours nowadays the term ‘irregular stay’ (e.g. see: DG HOME e-Library Glossary ) instead of ‘illegal stay’ which was the term used in the Council Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
- BG: незаконно влизане
- CZ: neoprávněný vstup na území
- DE: irreguläre Einreise
- EE: ebaseaduslik (riiki) sisenemine
- EN: irregular entry
- ES: entrada irregular
- FI: laiton maahantulo
- FR: entrée irrégulière
- GA: iontráil aimhrialta
- GR: παράνομη είσοδος
- HU: szabálytalan határátlépés
- IT: ingresso irregolare
- LT: neteisėtas atvykimas
- LV: nelikumīga ieceļošana
- MT: Dħul irregolari
- NL: illegale binnenkomst
- NO: irregulær innreise
- PL: nieregularny wjazd
- PT: entrada irregular
- SE: olaglig inresa
- SK: nelegálny vstup / neoprávnený vstup
- SL: ilegalen vstop / nedovoljen vstop
In the Schengen context, the entry of a third-country national into a Schengen Member State who does not satisfy Art. 5 of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code).
2. Art. 5 of the Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code) states that for stays not exceeding three months per six-month period, the entry conditions for third-country nationals shall be the following:
a) they are in possession of a valid travel document or documents authorising them to cross the border;
b) they are in possession of a valid visa, if required pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (17), except where they hold a valid residence permit;
c) they justify the purpose and conditions of the intended stay, and they have sufficient means of subsistence, both for the duration of the intended stay and for the return to their country of origin or transit to a third country into which they are certain to be admitted, or are in a position to acquire such means lawfully;
d) they are not persons for whom an alert has been issued in the SIS for the purposes of refusing entry;
e) they are not considered to be a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or the international relations of any of the EU Member States, in particular where no alert has been issued in EU Member States' national data bases for the purposes of refusing entry on the same grounds.
3. For more information, see Regulation (EU) 2016/399 (Schengen Borders Code).
- BG: непридружен непълнолетен
- CZ: nezletilý bez doprovodu
- DE: unbegleiteter Minderjähriger
- EE: saatjata alaealine
- EN: unaccompanied minor
- ES: menor no acompañado (MENA)
- FI: ilman huoltajaa oleva alaikäinen, yksin tullut alaikäinen
- FR: mineur isolé étranger
- GA: mionaoiseach neamhthionlactha
- GR: ασυνόδευτος ανήλικος
- HU: kísérő nélküli kiskorú
- IT: minore non accompagnato
- LT: nelydimas nepilnametis
- LV: nepilngadīgais bez pavadības
- MT: Minorenni mhux akkumpanjat
- NL: alleenstaande minderjarige vreemdeling
- NO: enslig mindreårig (b) / einsleg mindreårig (n)
- PL: małoletni bez opieki
- PT: menor desacompanhado
- RO: minor neînsoţit
- SE: ensamkommande barn
- SK: maloletý bez sprievodu
- SL: mladoletnik brez spremstva
A minor who arrives on the territory of an EU Member unaccompanied by the adult responsible for them by law or by the practice of the EU Member State concerned, and for as long as they are not effectively taken into the care of such a person; or who is left unaccompanied after they have entered the territory of the EU Member State.
2. In some (EU Member) States, statistics include all those who claim they are unaccompanied minors (i.e. before an age assessment has confirmed this), whereas other (Member) States only count those recognised as such by a competent authority (i.e. following an age assessment).
3. For further information, see EMN: Policies on Reception, Return and Integration Arrangements for, and numbers of, Unaccompanied Minors – an EU comparative study, 2009. An update of this 2009 study was published in 2015 entitled ‘Policies, practices and data on unaccompanied minors in EU Member States and Norway'.
- BG: временна закрила
- CZ: dočasná ochrana
- DE: vorübergehender Schutz
- EE: ajutine kaitse
- EN: temporary protection
- ES: protección temporal
- FI: tilapäinen suojelu
- FR: protection temporaire
- GA: cosaint shealadach
- GR: προσωρινή προστασία
- HU: ideiglenes védelem
- IT: protezione temporanea
- LT: laikinoji apsauga
- LV: pagaidu aizsardzība
- MT: Protezzjoni temporanja
- NL: tijdelijke bescherming
- NO: midlertidig beskyttelse (b) / mellombels vern (n)
- PL: tymczasowa ochrona
- PT: protecção temporária
- RO: protecţie temporară
- SE: tillfälligt skydd
- SK: dočasná ochrana (EU acquis) / dočasné útočisko (national law)
- SL: začasna zaščita
A procedure of exceptional character to provide, in the event of a mass influx or imminent mass influx of displaced persons from third countries who are unable to return to their country of origin, immediate and temporary protection to such persons, in particular if there is also a risk that the asylum system will be unable to process this influx without adverse effects for its efficient operation, in the interests of the persons and other persons requesting protection.
In LV, temporary protection is granted for a specified period of time if the applicant needs protection because they have been forced to leave their country of citizenship or, if the persons are stateless persons, their country of former residence due to ethnic conflict or civil war.
- BG: временна миграция
- CZ: dočasná migrace
- DE: temporäre Migration
- EE: ajutine sisseränne
- EN: temporary migration
- ES: migración temporal
- FI: tilapäinen maahanmuutto
- FR: migration temporaire
- GA: imirce shealadach
- GR: προσωρινή μετανάστευση
- HU: ideiglenes migráció
- IT: migrazione temporanea
- LT: laikina migracija
- LV: īslaicīga migrācija
- MT: Migrazzjoni temporanja
- NL: tijdelijke migratie
- NO: midlertidig migrasjon (b) / mellombels migrasjon (n)
- PL: migracja tymczasowa
- PT: migração Temporária
- RO: migraţie temporară
- SE: tillfällig migration
- SK: dočasná migrácia
- SL: začasna migracija
Migration for a specific motivation and / or purpose with the intention that afterwards there will be a return to the country of origin or onward movement.
With regard to the development of EU policy, this may be seen in the context of inter alia circular migration and / or seasonal workers.
- BG: изтезания
- CZ: mučení
- DE: Folter
- EE: piinamine
- EN: torture
- ES: tortura
- FI: kidutus
- FR: torture
- GA: céasadh
- HU: kínzás
- IT: tortura
- LT: kankinimas
- LV: spīdzināšana
- MT: Tortura
- NL: foltering
- NO: tortur
- PL: tortury
- RO: tortură
- SE: tortyr
- SK: mučenie
- SL: mučenje
In the context of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, deliberate inhuman treatment causing very serious and cruel suffering.
2.The right to freedom from torture is enshrined in many international treaties, most notably the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the UN Convention against Torture (UNCAT). The acceptance that torture is forbidden under any circumstances, including war, public emergency or terrorist threat, indicates that universally it is considered as a fundamental principle of customary international law. This means that even States that have not ratified any of the international treaties explicitly prohibiting torture are banned from using it against anyone, anywhere, under any circumstances.
3. Regional conventions, such as the European Convention on Human Rights (Art. 3) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Art. 4), also recognise torture as a prohibited act.
4. Both the UNCAT and the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol expressly prohibit the forced return of an asylum seeker to a country where they may be at risk of torture.
5. In the EU, Art. 21 of Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Receptions Conditions Directive) explicitly considers the situation of vulnerable asylum seekers with special needs, including victims of torture. EU Member States are obliged to identify victims of torture within the asylum procedure and to assess whether they have special reception needs, including the need to access appropriate medical and psychological treatment or care.
- BG: временно отлагане на извеждането
- CZ: odklad vyhoštění
- DE: einstweilige Aussetzung der Abschiebung (EU acquis) / vorübergehende Aussetzung der Abschiebung / Duldung (AT, DE) Aufschub der Abschiebung (LU)
- EE: väljasaatmise edasilükkamine
- EN: postponement of removal
- ES: aplazamiento de la expulsión
- FI: maastapoistamisen lykkääminen
- FR: report de l’éloignement
- GA: an t-aistriú a chur siar
- GR: αναβολή της απομάκρυνσης
- HU: befogadottkénti tartózkodás
- LT: išsiuntimo atidėjimas
- LV: izraidīšanas atlikšana
- NL: uitstel van verwijdering
- NO: utsatt uttransportering (b) / utsett uttransportering (n)
- PL: wstrzymanie wydalenia
- PT: adiamento do afastamento
- RO: amânarea îndepărtării
- SE: uppskov med avlägsnande
- SK: odklad odsunu (EU acquis) / tolerovaný pobyt (national law)
- SL: dovolitev zadrževanja / odložitev vračanja
(Temporary) suspension of removal of a third-country national who has received a return decision but whose removal is not possible either for humanitarian reasons (as their removal would violate the principle of non-refoulement or due to the third-country national’s physical state or mental capacity) or for technical reasons (such as lack of transport capacity or failure of the removal due to lack of identification or the country of origin’s refusal to accept the person) and for as long as a suspensory effect is granted in accordance with Art. 13(2) of Council Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
2. In several EU Member States, the term ‘tolerated stay’ is not formally used anymore and has been replaced by ‘postponment of removal’ after the transposition of Council Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
3. For more information, see EMN: Alternatives to Detention, 2014.
- BG: извеждане
- CZ: vyhoštění
- DE: Abschiebung
- EE: väljasaatmine
- EN: removal
- ES: expulsión
- FI: maasta poistaminen
- FR: éloignement
- GA: aistriú
- GR: απομάκρυνση
- HU: kitoloncolás
- IT: allontanamento
- LT: išsiuntimas
- LV: piespiedu izraidīšana
- MT: Tneħħija
- NL: uitzetting (syn: verwijdering)
- NO: uttransportering
- PL: odesłanie (wyjazd)
- PT: afastamento
- RO: Îndepărtare de pe teritoriu / returnare
- SE: avlägsnande
- SK: odsun
- SL: odstranitev
In the EU context, the enforcement of the obligation to return, namely the physical transportation out of the EU Member State.
2. While deportation and removal often are understood as synonyms, deportation is not used as a legal term in all EU Member States (only DE, FI, IE and UK define 'deportation' in their legislation) and is only applicable as a general concept by the public, sometimes with a negative connotation. Because of this variation, ‘removal ‘ is the preferred term to use.
3. In DE deportation and removal are defined in legislation (Sect. 57 and 58 of the Residence Act) and have different meanings. In FI deportation is synonymous with removal only in cases of a foreign citizen who: - resides in the country under a fixed term or permanent residence permit issued by Finnish authorities; - resides in the country and whose residence has been registered as provided in this Act; or - continues to reside in the country after his or her residence permit, registered residence or residence card has expired (Sect. 143 of the Finnish Aliens' Act).
- BG: програма за връщане
- CZ: návratový program
- DE: Rückkehrprogramm
- EE: tagasipöördumisprogramm
- EN: return programme
- ES: programa de retorno voluntario
- FI: palauttamisohjelma
- FR: programme d’aide au retour
- GA: clár fillte
- GR: προγράμματα επιστροφής
- HU: hazatérési program
- IT: programma di ritorno
- LT: grąžinimo programa
- LV: atgriešanās programma
- MT: Programm (t’assistenza / ta’għajnuna) għar-ritorn
- NL: terugkeerprogramma
- NO: returprogram
- PL: programy powrotów
- PT: programas de retorno
- RO: program de returnare
- SE: återvändandeprogram
- SK: návratový program
- SL: program vračanja / program vrnitve
Programme to support (e.g. financial, organisational, counselling) the return, possibly including reintegration measures, of a returnee by the State or by a third party, for example an international organisation.
- BG: върнат
- CZ: navracený cizinec
- DE: Rückkehrer
- EE: tagasipöörduja
- EN: returnee
- ES: extranjero retornado
- FI: paluumuuttaja / palaaja, (pakko)palautettava
- FR: rapatrié
- GA: imirceach fillteach
- GR: επαναπατριζόμενος
- HU: hazatérő / visszatérő
- IT: persona che compie ritorno
- LT: grąžinamasis / grįžtantysis
- LV: izraidāmais
- MT: Migrant(a) ritornat(a)
- NL: terugkeerder
- NO: den personen som vender hjem (b) / den personen som vender heim (n)
- PL: osoba powracająca
- PT: retornado
- RO: returnat
- SE: återvändare
- SK: navrátilec
- SL: oseba, ki je predmet vračanja
A person going from a host country back to a country of origin, country of nationality or habitual residence usually after spending a significant period of time in the host country whether voluntary or forced, assisted or spontaneous.
The definition covers all categories of migrants (persons who have resided legally in a country as well as failed asylum seekers) and different ways the return is implemented (e.g. voluntary, forced, assisted and spontaneous). It does not cover stays shorter than three months (such as holiday visits or business meetings and other visits typically considered to be for a period of time of less than three months).
- BG: забрана за влизане
- CZ: zákaz vstupu
- DE: Einreiseverbot
- EE: sissesõidukeeld
- EN: entry ban
- ES: prohibición de entrada
- FI: maahantulokielto
- FR: interdiction du territoire
- GA: toirmeasc ar iontráil
- GR: απαγόρευση εισόδου
- HU: beutazási tilalom
- IT: divieto di ingresso
- LT: draudimas atvykti
- LV: ieceļošanas aizliegums
- MT: Dħul miżmum // Inibizzjoni fuq id-dħul
- NL: inreisverbod
- NO: innreiseforbud (b) / innreiseforbod (n)
- PL: zakaz wjazdu
- PT: interdição de entrada
- RO: interdicţie de intrare
- SE: inreseförbud
- SK: zákaz vstupu
- SL: prepoved vstopa
An administrative or judicial decision or act prohibiting entry into and stay in the territory of the EU Member States for a specified period, accompanying a return decision .
- BG: лице с миграционен произход
- CZ: osoba s migračním pozadím
- DE: Person mit Migrationshintergrund
- EE: rändetaustaga isik
- EN: person with a migratory background
- ES: persona de origen migratorio
- FI: maahanmuuttajataustainen henkilö
- FR: personne issue de l’immigration
- GA: duine ag a bhfuil cúlra imirceach
- HU: bevándorlói háttérrel rendelkező személy
- IT: persona con un background migratorio
- LT: asmuo, kilęs iš migrantų šeimos, arba asmuo, gyvenantis ne savo kilmės šalyje
- LV: persona ar migrācijas pieredzi
- MT: Persuna bi storja ta’ migrazzjoni warajha
- NL: Persoon met een migratieachtergrond
- NO: person med innvandrerbakgrunn (b) / person med innvandrarbakgrunn (n)
- PL: osoba z przeszłością migracyjną
- PT: Pessoa com antecedentes migratórios
- RO: persoană cu trecut migraţionist
- SE: person med invandrarbakgrund
- SK: osoba s migrantským pôvodom
- SL: oseba z migracijskim ozadjem
(a) migrated into their present country of residence; and / or
(b) previously had a different nationality from their present country of residence; and / or
(c) at least one of their parents previously entered their present country of residence as a migrant.
2. Point (a) can also include a national of the country of residence who previously lived elsewhere and then returned to their country of nationality.
- BG: групово преследване
- CZ: vertimo nėra
- DE: Gruppenverfolgung
- EE: grupi tagakiusamine
- EN: group persecution
- ES: vertimo nėra
- FI: ryhmään kohdistuva vaino
- FR: persécution à l’encontre d’un groupe
- GA: géarleanúint grúpa
- GR: Δίωξη (ομάδα)
- HU: vertimo nėra
- IT: persecuzione di gruppo
- LT: asmenų grupės persekiojimas
- LV: grupas vajāšana
- MT: Persekuzzjoni ta’ grupp(-i) ta’ nies
- NL: groepsvervolging
- NO: forfølgelse av en gruppes medlemmer (b) / forfølging av medlemmene av ei gruppe (n)
- PL: grupowe prześladowanie
- PT: grupo alvo de perseguição
- RO: persecuţie de grup
- SE: förföljelse av en grupp
- SK: prenasledovanie skupiny
- SL: skupinsko preganjanje
A concept
2. With consideration to the general principle of subsidiarity in refugee law, group persecution will only entitle a refugee to protection abroad, if the danger is present in the entire territory of the country of origin, i.e. if there is no internal alternative for protection. For the purposes of the danger of persecution after return, such an internal flight alternative must be reasonable and accessible from the country of refuge.
3. For more information on group persecution, see the European Database of Asylum Law (EDAL) , i.e. German Federal Administrative Court, ruling of 12 April 2009 – 10 C 11.08.
- BG: циркулярна миграция
- CZ: cirkulační / cirkulární migrace
- DE: zirkuläre Migration
- EE: korduvränne
- EN: circular migration
- ES: migración circular
- FI: kiertomuutto
- FR: migration circulaire
- GA: imirce chiorclach
- GR: κυκλική μετανάστευση
- HU: körkörös migráció
- IT: migrazione circolare
- LT: apykaitinė migracija
- LV: cirkulārā migrācija
- MT: Migrazzjoni ċirkolari
- NL: circulaire migratie
- NO: sirkulær migrasjon
- PL: migracja cyrkulacyjna
- PT: migração circular
- RO: migraţie circulară
- SE: cirkulär migration
- SK: okružná migrácia / cirkulárna migrácia
- SL: krožna migracija
A repetition of legal migration by the same person between two or more countries.
(a) Circular migration of third-country nationals settled in the EU
This category of circular migration gives people the opportunity to engage in an activity (business, professional, voluntary or other) in their country of origin while retaining their main residence in one of the EU Member States. This covers various groups, e.g.:
- business persons working in the EU and wishing to start an activity in their country of origin (or in another third country); and
- doctors, professors or other professionals willing to support their country of origin by conducting part of their professional activity there.
(b) Circular migration of persons residing in a third country
Circular migration could create an opportunity for persons residing in a third country to come to the EU temporarily for work, study, training or a combination of these, on the condition that, at the end of the period for which they were granted entry, they must re-establish their main residence and their main activity in their country of origin. Circularity can be enhanced by giving migrants the possibility, once they have returned, to retain some form of privileged mobility to and from the EU Member States where they were formerly residing, for example in the form of simplified admission / re-entry procedures. This category covers a wide array of situations, spanning the whole spectrum of migrants, including:
- third-country nationals wishing to work temporarily in the EU, e.g. in seasonal employment;
- third-country nationals wishing to study or train in Europe before returning to their country;
- third-country nationals who, after having completed their studies, wish to be employed in the EU (e.g. as trainees) to acquire professional experience which is difficult to obtain at home, before returning;
- third-country researchers wishing to carry out a research project in the EU;
- third-country nationals who wish to take part in intercultural people-to-people exchanges and other activities in the field of culture, active citizenship, education and youth (such as, for example, training courses, seminars, events, study visits);
- third-country nationals who wish to carry out an unremunerated voluntary service pursuing objectives of general interest in the EU.
- BG: лице, което отговаря на условията за субсидиарна закрила
- CZ: osoba, která má nárok na doplňkovou ochranu
- DE: Person mit Anspruch auf subsidiären Schutz
- EE: täiendava kaitse saamise nõuetele vastav isik
- EN: person eligible for subsidiary protection
- ES: persona con derecho a protección subsidiaria
- FI: henkilö, joka voi saada toissijaista suojelua
- FR: personne pouvant bénéficier de la protection subsidiaire
- GA: duine atá i dteideal cosaint choimhdeach
- GR: άτομο επιλέξιμο για επικουρική προστασία
- HU: kiegészítő védelemben részesített személy / oltalmazott
- IT: persona avente titolo a beneficiare della protezione sussidiaria
- LT: papildomą apsaugą galintis gauti asmuo
- LV: persona, kura tiesīga uz alternatīvo statusu
- MT: Persuna eliġibbli għal protezzjoni sussidjarja
- NL: persoon die voor subsidiaire bescherming in aanmerking komt
- NO: person som har krav på subsidiær beskyttelse (b) / person som har krav på subsidiært vern (n)
- PL: osoba kwalifikująca się do ochrony uzupełniającej
- PT: pessoa elegível para protecção subsidiária
- RO: persoană eligibilă pentru protecţie subsidiară
- SE: person som uppfyller kraven för att betecknas som subsidiärt skyddsbehövande
- SK: osoba oprávnená na doplnkovú ochranu
- SL: oseba upravičena do subsidiarne zaščite
A third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to their country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person, to their country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Art. 15 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) and to whom Art. 17(1) and (2) of said Directive do not apply, and is unable, or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
- BG: репатриране
- CZ: repatriace
- DE: Repatriierung
- EE: tagasipöördumine (repatrieerumine)
- EN: repatriation
- ES: repatriación
- FI: paluu, palauttaminen
- FR: rapatriement
- GA: aisdúichiú
- GR: επαναπατρισμός
- HU: hazatelepítés
- IT: rimpatrio
- LT: repatriacija
- LV: repatriācija
- MT: Ripatrijazzjoni
- NL: repatriëring (NL syn.: naar het vaderland terugkeren / naar het vaderland terugbrengen)
- NO: repatriering
- PL: repatriacja
- PT: repatriamento
- RO: repatriere
- SE: återvandring
- SK: repatriácia
- SL: repatriacija
The personal right of a refugee or a prisoner of war to return to their country of nationality under specific conditions laid down in various international instruments and human rights instruments as well as in customary international law.
2. The option of repatriation is bestowed upon the individual personally and not upon the detaining power. In the law of international armed conflict, repatriation also entails the obligation of the detaining power to release eligible persons (soldiers and civilians) and the duty of the country of origin to receive its own nationals at the end of hostilities. Even if treaty law does not contain a general rule on this point, it is today readily accepted that the repatriation of prisoners of war and civil detainees has been consented to implicitly by the interested parties. Repatriation as a term also applies to diplomatic envoys and international officials in times of international crisis as well as expatriates and migrants.
3. Depending on the EU Member State, this term has different meanings / connotations: in PL, RO, NL, NO this refers specifically to repatriating their nationals back to PL, RO, NL, NO respectively. In ES, IE, IT, UK, it is often used in the context of returning third-country nationals to their country of origin. In EE, the term refers specifically to persons of Estonia or ethnic Estonians’ resettlement to Estonia. In LV, the term refers specifically to the persons of Latvian or Liiv origin to resettle with permanent residence in Latvia. In PT, the term has no legal concept, being used more as a sociological term. It is commonly used to refer to Portuguese citizens that return to Portugal, including being forced to return.
4. The term should not be confused with ‘voluntary repatriation’ which is according to the UNHCR International Thesaurus of Refugee Terminology defined as follows: ‘Return to the country of origin on the basis of the freely expressed willingness of the refugees’. The returns have to take place in conditions of safety, dignity and security. The principle of ‘voluntariness’ must be viewed in relation to both: conditions in the country of origin (calling for an informed decision) and the situation in the country of asylum (permitting a free choice). For more information, see UNHCR: Voluntary Repatriation: International Protection – handbook, 1996.
- BG: реинтеграция
- CZ: reintegrace
- DE: Reintegration
- EE: taaslõimumine
- EN: reintegration
- ES: reintegración
- FI: uudelleen kotouttaminen
- FR: réintégration
- GA: athimeascadh
- GR: επανένταξη
- HU: reintegráció (visszailleszkedés)
- IT: reintegrazione
- LT: reintegracija
- LV: reintegrācija
- MT: Riintegrazzjoni
- NL: reïntegratie
- NO: reintegrering
- PL: reintegracja
- PT: reintegração
- RO: reintegrare
- SE: återintegrering
- SK: reintegrácia
- SL: reintegracija / ponovna integracija
Re-inclusion or re-incorporation of a person into a group or a process, e.g. of a migrant into the society of their country of return.
- BG: регионална програма за закрила
- CZ: program regionální ochrany
- DE: Regionales Schutzprogramm
- EE: piirkondlik kaitsekava
- EN: regional protection programme
- ES: programa regional de protección
- FI: alueellinen suojeluohjelma
- FR: programme régional de protection
- GA: Clár Cosanta Réigiúnaí
- HU: Regionális Védelmi Program
- IT: programma di protezione regionale
- LT: regioninė apsaugos programa
- LV: reģionālās aizsardzības programma
- MT: Programm ta’ protezzjoni reġjonali
- NL: regionaal beschermingsprogramma
- NO: regionalt program om beskyttelse (b) regionalt program om vern (n)
- PL: program ochrony regionalnej
- PT: Programa regional de protecção
- RO: program de protecţie regională
- SE: regionalt skyddsprogram
- SK: regionálny program ochrany
- SL: regionalni program zaščite
A programme designed to enhance the capacity of non-EU countries in the regions from which many refugees originate, or through which they pass in transit, with the aim to improve refugee protection through durable solutions (return, local integration and resettlement in a third country).
2. For further information, see the website of DG Migration and Home Affairs.
- BG: споразумение за реадмисия
- CZ: readmisní dohoda
- DE: Rückübernahmeabkommen
- EE: tagasivõtuleping
- EN: readmission agreement
- ES: acuerdo de readmisión
- FI: takaisinottosopimus
- FR: accord de réadmission
- GA: comhaontú um athghlactha isteach
- GR: συμφωνία επανεισδοχής
- HU: visszafogadási egyezmény
- IT: accordo di riammissione
- LT: readmisijos susitarimas
- LV: atpakaļuzņemšanas nolīgums
- MT: Ftehim ta’ dħul mill-ġdid / ta’ riammissjoni
- NL: terugnameovereenkomst
- NO: returavtale
- PL: umowa readmisyjna
- PT: acordo de readmissão
- RO: acord de readmisie
- SE: återtagandeavtal
- SK: readmisná dohoda
- SL: sporazum o vračanju oseb
An agreement between the European Union (EU) and / or an EU Member State with a third country, on the basis of reciprocity, establishing rapid and effective procedures for the identification and safe and orderly return of persons who do not, or no longer, fulfil the conditions for entry to, presence in, or residence in the territories of the third country or one of the EU Member States, and to facilitate the transit of such persons in a spirit of cooperation.
2. For more information, see the website of the European Commission on readmission.
- BG: non-refoulement/ забрана за експулсиране или връщане
- CZ: zákaz vyhoštění a navracení
- DE: Nichtzurückweisung / Non-refoulement / Schutz vor Zurückweisung / Verbot der Ausweisung und Zurückweisung
- EE: tagasisaatmise lubamatus / non-refoulement
- EN: non-refoulement
- ES: non-refoulement
- FI: palauttamiskielto
- FR: non-refoulement / interdiction de retour forcé (LU)
- GA: neamh-refoulement
- GR: μη- επαναπροώθηση
- HU: visszaküldés tilalma
- IT: non-refoulement
- LT: negrąžinimas
- LV: neizraidīšana
- MT: Prinċipju (il-) ta’ non-refoulement - li ma jsirx ritorn imġiegħel jew sfurzat
- NL: non-refoulement (syn.: het beginsel van niet-uitwijzing)
- NO: vern mot utsendelse (b) / vern mot utsending (n)
- PL: zasada non-refoulement/ zasada niewydalania
- PT: non-refoulement
- RO: non-refoulment/ nereturnare
- SE: non-refoulement (förbud mot avvisning / utvisning)
- SK: zásada zákazu vyhostenia alebo vrátenia / zásada non-refoulement / princíp nenavrátenia
- SL: načelo nevračanja
In the refugee context, a core principle of international refugee law that prohibits States from returning refugees in any manner whatsoever to countries or territories in which their lives or freedom may be threatened on account of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.
- BG: национален механизъм за насочване
- CZ: národní referenční mechanismus
- DE: nationaler Überweisungsmechanismus
- EE: nõustamisele suunamise riiklik mehhanism
- EN: national referral mechanism
- ES: Mecanismo nacional de derivación
- FI: kansallinen ohjautumisjärjestelmä
- FR: mécanisme national d’orientation
- GA: meicníocht náisiúnta atreorúcháin
- HU: nemzeti áldozatirányítási rendszer
- IT: meccanismo nazionale di riferimento
- LT: nacionalinis nukreipimo mechanizmas
- LV: nacionālais nosūtīšanas mehānisms
- MT: Mekkaniżmu nazzjonali għal riferiment / ta’ referenza
- NL: nationaal verwijsmechanisme
- NO: nasjonal henvisningsordning (b) / nasjonal tilvisingsordning (n)
- PL: krajowy mechanizm referencyjny
- RO: mecanism naţional de sesizare
- SE: dažniausiai vartojamo išversto termino nėra
- SK: národný referenčný mechanizmus
- SL: nacionalni mehanizem za opozarjanje
Mechanism aimed at identifying, protecting and assisting victims of trafficking in human beings, through referral, and involving relevant public authorities and civil society.
2. The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) defines an NRM as a cooperative framework at national level by which state actors coordinate their efforts in a strategic partnership with civil society to identify, protect and assist victims of trafficking in human beings to ensure that the human rights of trafficked persons are respected and to provide an effective way to refer victims of trafficking to services. For more OSCE: National referral mechanism: joining efforts to protect the rights of trafficked persons, 2004.
3. The National Rapporteurs or Equivalent Mechanisms (NREMs) are responsible for monitoring the implementation of anti-trafficking policy at the national level and play a key role in data collection on trafficking in human beings at national and EU level.
- BG: Мрежа за информация и координация на службите за управление на миграцията на държавите членки
- CZ: Informační a koordinační síť pro služby řízení migrace členských států (ICONet)
- DE: Informations- und Koordinierungsnetz für die Migrationsbehörden der Mitgliedstaaten
- EE: liikmesriikide migratsiooniteenistuste info-ja koordineerimisvõrgustik
- EN: Information and Coordination Network for Member States’ Migration Management Services
- ES: ICONet
- FI: tieto- ja koordinointiverkosto maahanmuuton hallinnasta vastaavia jäsenvaltioiden viranomaisia varten (ICONet)
- FR: Réseau d’information et de coordination sécurisé connecté à l’internet pour les services des États membres chargés de la gestion des flux migratoires (ICONet)
- GA: ICONet
- GR: Δίκτυο Άτυπων Επαγγελματικών Προσόντων
- HU: a tagállamok migrációkezelési szolgálatainak információs és koordinációs hálózata
- IT: Rete di Informazione e Coordinamento per i Servizi di Gestione dell’Immigrazione degli Stati Membri (ICONet)
- LT: Informacijos ir koordinavimo tinklas, skirtas valstybių narių migracijos valdymo tarnyboms
- LV: Informācijas un koordinācijas tīkls dalībvalstu migrācijas pārvaldes dienestiem
- MT: Netwerk ta’ Informazzjoni u Koordinazzjoni għas-Servizzi dwar Ġestjoni ta’ Migrazzjoni fl-Istati Membri (ICONet)
- NL: ICONet
- NO: ICONet
- PL: ICONet / dažniausiai vartojamo išversto termino nėra
- PT: ICONet
- RO: Reţeaua de informare şi coordonare a serviciilor de management al migraţiei din statele membre (ICONet)
- SE: ICONet
- SK: Informačná a koordinačná sieť pre služby riadenia migrácie členských štátov / ICONet
- SL: Informacijska in koordinacijska mreža služb držav članic za upravljanje migracije
A secure web-based information and coordination network for the rapid information exchange between EU Member States on irregular migration flows and phenomena, and the return of illegal residents.
2. The elements for information exchange shall include at least the following:
(a) early warning system on irregular immigration and facilitator networks;
(b) network of immigration liaison officers ;
(c) information on the use of visas, borders and travel documents in relation to illegal immigration; and
(d) return-related issues.
- BG: офицер за връзка по имиграция
- CZ: imigrační styčný důstojník
- DE: Verbindungsbeamter für Einwanderungsfragen
- EE: Euroopa sisserände sideametnik
- EN: Immigration Liaison Officer
- ES: oficiales de enlace de inmigración
- FI: maahanmuuttoalan yhdyshenkilö
- FR: officier de liaison «Immigration»
- GA: Oifigeach Idirchaidrimh Inimirce (ILO)
- GR: Σύνδεσμος Μετανάστευσης (αξιωματούχος)
- HU: bevándorlási összekötő tiszt(viselő)
- IT: funzionario di collegamento incaricato dell’immigrazione
- LT: imigracijos ryšių palaikymo pareigūnas
- LV: imigrācijas sadarbības koordinators
- MT: Uffiċjal tal-Kollegament Responsabbli għall‑Immigrazzjoni (UKRI)
- NL: immigratieverbindingsfunctionaris, (syn.: immigratieverbindingsambtenaar; in daily practice: ILO)
- NO: kontaktperson med ansvar for immigrasjon
- PL: oficer łącznikowy ds. imigracji
- PT: Oficial de ligação de imigração
- RO: ofiţer de legătură pe probleme de imigraţie (in daily practice ILO)
- SE: sambandsman för invandring
- SK: imigračný styčný dôstojník
- SL: Uradnik za zvezo za priseljevanje
A representative of one of the EU Member States, posted abroad by the immigration service or other competent authorities in order to establish and maintain contacts with the authorities of the host country with a view to contributing to the prevention and combating of irregular migration, the return of irregular migrants and the management of legal migration.
2. The immigration liaison officers could be posted to the national consular authorities of EU Member States in third countries or to the relevant authorities of other EU Member States, but also to the competent authorities of the third countries, as well as to international organisations for a reasonable time period to be determined by the posting EU Member State.
3. An amendment to Regulation (EC) 377/2004 modifying its Articles 3, 4 and 6 was adopted as Regulation (EU) No 493/2011 (Immigration Liaison Officer Regulation) on 5 April 2011.
- BG: хуманитарен статут
- CZ: humanitární ochrana
- DE: humanitärer Schutz
- EE: humanitaarkaitse
- EN: humanitarian protection
- ES: protección humanitaria
- FI: humanitaarinen suojelu
- FR: protection humanitaire
- GA: cosaint dhaonnúil
- GR: προστασία για ανθρωπιστικούς λόγους
- HU: humanitárius védelem
- IT: protezione umanitaria
- LT: humanitarinė (papildoma) apsauga
- LV: humānā aizsardzība
- MT: Protezzjoni umanitarja
- NL: bescherming op humanitaire gronden
- NO: beskyttelse på humanitært grunnlag (b) / vern på humanitært grunnlag (n)
- PL: ochrona o charakterze humanitarnym
- PT: protecção humanitária
- RO: protecţie umanitară
- SE: humanitärt skydd
- SK: humanitárna ochrana
- SL: humanitarna zaščita
A form of non-EU harmonised protection nowadays normally replaced by subsidiary protection, except in some EU Member States.
2. IE has also opted-into the Qualification Directive, and uses the term ‘leave to remain’.
3. In DE, FI and IT, humanitarian protection and subsidiary protection are different concepts. In DE and IT, humanitarian protection is the reception and residence of refugees under international law or on humanitarian or political (DE only) grounds, and in FI, humanitarian protection is granted to foreign nationals who cannot return to their country of origin or country of former habitual residence as a result of an environmental catastrophe or a bad security situation, which may be due to an international or internal armed conflict or a poor human rights situation.
4. In EE, LV, this term is not used.
5. AT and ES use a similar expression, namely ‘residence permit on humanitarian grounds’.
6. In BG, humanitarian protection encompasses subsidiary protection as well as protection granted for other humanitarian reasons (see Art. 9, SG No 52 of 2007).
7. In NO, a residence permit may be granted, even if the other conditions laid down in the Act are not satisfied, provided there are strong humanitarian considerations or the foreign national has a particular connection with the realm. To determine whether there are strong humanitarian considerations, an overall assessment shall be made of the case. Importance may be attached, inter alia, to whether the foreign national is an unaccompanied minor who would be without proper care if they were returned; the foreign national needs to stay in the realm due to compelling health circumstances; there are social or humanitarian circumstances relating to the return situation that give grounds for granting a residence permit; the foreign national has been a victim of human trafficking. (For further information, see Immigration Act of May 2008, Chaper 5, Section 38).
- BG: Европейска агенция за управление на оперативното сътрудничество по външните граници на държавите членки на ЕС
- CZ: Evropská agentura pro řízení operativní spolupráce na vnějších hranicích členských států Evropské unie
- DE: Europäische Agentur für die operative Zusammenarbeit an den Außengrenzen der Mitgliedstaaten der Europaïschen Union
- EE: Euroopa Liidu liikmesriikide välispiiril tehtava operatiivkoostöö juhtimise Euroopa agentuur
- EN: European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union
- ES: Agencia europea par la gestiÓn de las fronteras exteriores
- FI: Euroopan unionin rajaturvallisuusvirasto (Euroopan unionin jäsenvaltioiden operatiivisesta ulkorajayhteistyöstä huolehtiva virasto)
- GA: an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach chun Comhar Oibríochtúil a Bhainistiú ag Teorainneacha Seachtracha Bhallstáit an Aontais Eorpaigh
- GR: Ευρωπαϊκός Οργανισμός για τη Διαχείριση της Επιχειρησιακής Συνεργασίας στα Εξωτερικά Σύνορα
- HU: az Európai Unió Tagállamai Külső Határain Való Operatív Együttműködési Igazgatásért Felelős Európai Ügynökség
- IT: Agenzia Europea per la Gestione della Cooperazione Operativa delle Froniere Esterne dei Paesi membri dell’Unione Europea
- LT: Europos operatyvaus bendradarbiavimo prie Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių išorės sienų valdymo agentūra
- LV: Eiropas Aģentūra operatīvās sadarbības vadībai pie Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstu ārējām robežām
- MT: Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Ġestjoni tal- Koperazzjoni Operazzjonali mal-Fruntieri Esterni tal-Istati Membri tal-Unjoni Ewropea
- NL: Europees Agentschap voor het beheer van de operationele samenwerking aan de buitengrenzen van de lidstaten van de Europese Unie
- NO: Det europeiske grensekontrollbyrået
- PL: Europejska Agencja Zarządzania Współpracą Operacyjną na Zewnętrznych Granicach Państw Członkowskich
- PT: Agência Europeia de Gestão da Cooperação Operacional nas Fronteiras Externas da União Europeia
- RO: Agenţia Europeană pentru Managementul Cooperării Operaţionale la Frontierele Externe ale Statelor Membre ale Uniunii Europene
- SE: Europeiska byrån för förvaltningen av det operativa samarbetet vid Europeiska unionens medlemsstaters yttre gränser
- SK: Európska agentúra pre riadenie operačnej spolupráce na vonkajších hraniciach členských štátov Európske únie
- SL: Evropska agencija za upravljanje operativnega sodelovanja na zunanjih mejah DČ EU
2. Its tasks, in accordance with Article 2 of Council Regulation 2007/2004, include assisting Member States on training of national border guards and the establishment of common training standards (Art. 2(b)); carrying out risk analysis (Art. 2(c)); following up the development of research relevant for the control and surveillance of external borders (Art. 2(d)); assistance to Member States in circumstances requiring increased technical and operational assistance at external borders (Art. 2(e)); and providing Member States with the necessary support in organising joint return operations.
3. Frontex also works closely with the border-control authorities of non-EU/Schengen countries — mainly those countries identified as a source or transit route of irregular migration — in line with general EU external relations policy.
4. For further information, see website of FRONTEX.
- BG: Структурен диалог по въпросите на миграцията между ЕС и страните от Латинска Америка
- CZ: Strukturální dialog o migraci mezi EU a Latinskou Amerikou
- DE: Strukturierter Dialog über Migrationsfragen zwischen der EU und den Ländern Lateinamerikas und der Karibik
- EE: (EL ja Lõuna-Ameerika ning Kariibi) või EL ja LAC rände struktureeritud dialoog
- EN: EU-LAC Structured Dialogue on Migration
- ES: Diálogo estructurado UE-ALC sobre migración
- FI: EU:n ja Latinalaisen Amerikan ja Karibian maiden välinen rakenteellinen vuoropuhelu muuttoliikkeestä
- FR: Dialogue structuré sur les migrations entre l’UE et les pays d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes (ALC)
- GA: Idirphlé Struchtúrtha idir an AE agus tíortha Mheiriceá Laidinigh agus Mhuir Chairib (MLC) maidir leis an Imirce
- HU: EU-LAC strukturális migrációs párbeszéd
- IT: Dialogo strutturato UE-ALC sulla migrazione
- LT: ES ir LAKR šalių struktūrinis dialogas migracijos klausimais
- LV: Eiropas Savienības, Latīņamerikas un Karību jūras reģiona valstu strukturēts dialogs par migrāciju
- MT: Djalogu Strutturat fuq il-Migrazzjoni - UE u ALK
- NL: EU-LAC gestructureerde dialoog over migratie
- NO: EU–LACs strukturerte dialog om migrasjon
- PL: EU-LAC Strukturalny dialog na rzecz migracji
- PT: diálogo estruturado sobre migrações EU-ALC
- RO: dialogul structurat cu privire la migraţie EU-LAC
- SE: EU-LAC strukturerad dialog om migration
- SK: Štruktúrovaný dialóg EÚ - Latinská Amerika a Karibik o migrácii
- SL: EU - LAC Strukturni dialog o migracijah
A forum for the identification of common challenges and areas for mutual cooperation, as well as building a stronger evidence base for EU-LAC (Latin America and the Caribbean) migration in order to better understand its realities, based on the principle of shared responsibility, strengthening the commitment and willingness of both sides to discuss migration issues.
1. In June 2009, the European Union and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) formally launched the Structured and Comprehensive bi-regional Dialogue on Migration.
2. In the framework of the Dialogue, parties will exchange views in the following main areas: link between migration and development; regular migration and irregular migration; migration and the issue of human rights, including protection of migrants in accordance with international obligations; the fight against all forms of discrimination, racism and xenophobia; legislative and administrative measures applicable to migrants in an irregular situation; issues related to return on a dignified basis and voluntary return; measures to combat trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants, and the prevention of document fraud.
3. For more information, see the website of the EU-LAC Dialogue.
- BG: vertimo nėra
- CZ: poživatel doplňkové ochrany
- DE: De-facto-Flüchtling
- EE: de facto pagulane
- EN: de facto refugee
- ES: refugiado de facto
- FI: tosiasiallinen pakolainen / de facto -pakolainen
- FR: réfugié de facto
- GA: dídeanaí de facto
- GR: de facto πρόσφυγας
- HU: de facto menekült
- IT: rifugiato de facto
- LT: de facto pabėgėlis
- LV: de facto bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) de facto
- NL: de facto vluchteling
- NO: de facto-flyktning
- PL: uchodźca de facto
- PT: refugiado de facto
- RO: refugiat de facto
- SE: de facto-flykting
- SK: utečenec de facto
- SL: de facto begunec
Person not recognised as a refugee (within the meaning of Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol) and who is unable or, for reasons recognised as valid, unwilling to return to their country of origin or country of nationality or, if they have no nationality, to the country of their habitual residence.
2. In DE, this refers to a person who has not applied for asylum or whose asylum application has been rejected, but whose removal has been suspended due to concrete danger of life, body or freedom. For example, a person’s stay will be tolerated in DE on grounds of humanitarian law.
- BG: Будапещенски процес
- CZ: Budapešťský proces
- DE: Budapest-Prozess
- EE: Budapesti protsess
- EN: Budapest Process
- ES: Proceso de Budapest
- FI: Budapestin prosessi
- FR: Processus de Budapest
- GA: Próiseas Bhúdaipeist
- GR: Διαδικασία της Βουδαπέστης
- HU: Budapest Folyamat
- IT: Processo di Budapest
- LT: Budapešto procesas
- LV: Budapeštas process
- MT: Proċess (Il-) ta’ Budapest
- NL: Boedapest proces
- NO: Budapest-prosessen
- PL: Proces Budapeszteński
- PT: Processo de Budapeste
- RO: Procesul Budapesta
- SE: Budapestprocessen
- SK: Budapeštiansky proces
- SL: Budimpeštanski proces
A consultative forum of more than 50 governments from the wider European region and ten international organisations, which aims to promote good governance in the field of migration, to develop comprehensive and sustainable systems for orderly migration and to exchange information and best practices on a wide range of migration issues (legal migration, irregular migration, asylum, visa, border management, trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants, readmission and return).
1. The Budapest Process was initiated by DE in 1991.
2. Through this dialogue, the Process promotes a harmonised approach in dealing with irregular migration challenges and support for the transfer and common understanding of migration concepts and policies.
3. For more information see the website of the Budapest Process.
- BG: алтернатива на задържане
- CZ: alternativa k zajištění
- DE: Alternative zur Inhaftierung / Inhaftnahme, Haftalternative; Alternative zur Schubhaft / gelinderes Mittel (AT)
- EE: kinnipidamise alternatiivid
- EN: alternative to detention
- ES: alternativas al internamiento
- FI: säilöönotolle vaihtoehtoiset turvaamistoimet
- FR: alternative à la détention / rétention
- GA: malairt ar choinneáil (iolra: malairtí ar choinneáil)
- GR: τα μη στερητικά της ελευθερίας εναλλακτικά
- HU: a fogvatartás alternatívái
- IT: disposizione alternativa al trattenimento
- LT: alternatyvi sulaikymui priemonė
- LV: alternatīva aizturēšanai
- MT: Alternattiva għad-detenzjoni
- NL: alternatief voor bewaring
- NO: alternativ til forvaring
- PL: alternatywa wobec zatrzymania
- RO: alternativa la masura detentiei
- SE: alternativ till förvar
- SK: alternatíva k zaisteniu / alternatíva zaistenia
- SL: alternativa k pridržanju / alternativa k omejitvi gibanja
Non-custodial measures used to monitor and / or limit the movement of third-country nationals in advance of forced return or deciding on the individual’s right to remain in the Member State, such as regular reporting, the surrender of a financial guarantee or travel documents, electronic monitoring.
2. Reception facilities can be considered an alternative to detention only in cases where the individual concerned has to report regularly to the competent authorities, or if there are residency requirements.
3. For further information see EMN: Use of detention and alternatives to detention in the context of immigration policies, 2014.